In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of 11 different doses of Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) applied to the seed to create variation in the M1 generation of chickpea (Gökçe) and lentil (Şakar) genotypes during germination and seedling development periods and to determine the lethal dose that caused a 50% reduction in plant emergence rate. The research was conducted under the greenhouse and laboratory conditions of the Faculty of Agriculture of Dicle University in 2019/2020. The study was conducted according to a randomized block design with three replicates. For the M1 generation, seeds of each genotype in the elite stage were treated with EMS solution at 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 50, 60, 60, 70, 70, 80, 90, and 100 mM (1000 seeds for each dose) and then sown in the greenhouse. A total of 132 tubes were sown with 30 seeds for each dose, and the effective EMS dose was determined for each genotype based on the traits examined in the developing seedlings. In the study, it was concluded that 11 different EMS doses applied to the seeds of chickpea and lentil varieties had negative effects on seedling development in the M1 generation, and increasing EMS doses from the control caused a decrease in all traits examined. With increasing EMS doses, plant emergence was observed in both chickpea and lentil up to 60 mM dose, while no germination was observed at 60 mM dose, and the dose rate varied according to species and varieties. The dose that caused a 50% decrease in the plant emergence rate in Gökçe chickpea and Şakar lentil varieties was determined as the LD50 dose. Accordingly, it was determined that the LD50 dose was 30 mM for Gökçe chickpea variety and 60 mM for Şakar lentil variety

This study was carried out in Igdir University Sehit Bulent Yurtseven Campus in the vegetation period of 2020 to determine the effects of nitrogenous fertilizer sources and doses on the quality of lawn plants in turfgrass areas. 20-10-10 7 SO3, 15-5-20 + 2 CaO + 2 MgO, ammonium sulfate (21% N), urea (46% N) fertilizers with nitrogenous fertilizer sources were applied on the parcels in doses of 0-2-4-6-8 g/m2/month. The effects of fertilizers used after structuring in lawns on plant height, leaf green tone, fresh grass quantity, quality and coating ratios were examined. Festuca rubra 40%, Festuca rubra commutata 30%, Festuca rubra trichopylla 25%, Poa pratensis 5%, which are thin textured from cool climate grass species, were used in the mixture. The trial was established according to the factorial trial pattern in coincidence blocks with three repetitions. As a result of the research, ammonium sulfate and 8 g m-2 doses were found to be more effective when evaluated for grass quality and performance after structuring in thin-textured grass species.

In the study, the changes in the structural stability and erodibility properties of the organic regulators (TG, TAGG and SG) applications to serpentine soils were investigated. In line with the study's objective, organic amendments based on oven dry weight were applied to the soils in different dose combinations. The study, designed according to a completely randomized design (CRD) was conducted in plastic pots maintained under greenhouse conditions. Six months after the experiment was established, the pots deteriorate pots were and the necessary measurements were made. WAS, DO, EO, SSI, OM values were measured to evaluate the change in the erosive and structural stability of the soils. As a result of the study, the OM values of the soils increased with the organic regulator applications (TAGG, TG, SG). The highest increase was observed in pots where TG and TAGG were applied. The erodibility parameters of the soils, DO and EO, showed a decrease with increasing dosage applications. WAS and SSI parameters, which are soil erosive variables, increased with increasing application dose. These increases (WAS, OM, SSI) and decreases (DO and EO) depending on the applications were statistically significant (P<0.05). This positive improvement in soil variables (WAS, SSI, DO and EO) was attributed to the increase in soil organic matter.

White rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [(Lib.) de Bary] is one of the most important diseases negatively affecting lettuce production. In this study, the effects of rhizobacteria containing different species on S. sclerotiorum were investigated. Also effect of rhizobacteria were determined on the growth of lettuce. Eight rhizobacteria strains (Enterobacter cloacae, E. aerogenes, Bacillus cereus, Microbacterium testaceum, Pseudomonas putida, P. chlororaphis, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Burkholderia cepacia) were used in the study. Firstly, the in vitro effects of rhizobacteria strains were investigated on the mycelial growth and sclerotia viability of S. sclerotiorum. Then, pot experiments were carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions to determine the effect of selected strains on white rot disease and the growth of lettuce. The effect of tested bacteria on the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum ranged between 38.09-79.84%, and the P. putida strain had the highest impact. The bacterial strains were also effective on the sclerotia viability of S. sclerotiorum. The efficiency in the pot experiment was between 50-90% on white rot, and the highest effect was recorded in A. calcoaceticus strain. In the pot experiment rhizobacteria also increased plant growth. In particular, E. aerogenes was the most successful strain in plant growth. The results revealed that bacterial strains have different inhibitory effects in in vitro and in vivo experiments, while having the potential in the biological control of white rot disease and positive results on lettuce growth.

Gums and mucilages represent viable options for incorporation into food formulations owing to their numerous advantageous properties, including emulsification, thickening, and modulation of rheological characteristics within food products. Flaxseed is a material with its soluble gum that can be used for food fortification. Within the scope of the study, extracts were obtained using 16 flaxseed extraction methods in the literature and compared in terms of their general properties (color, flow behavior, total soluble solids). The method with 1% ratio, 80°C, 750 rpm and 15 minutes, with pH 5.3 was not suitable for fortified emulsion-based food another method with a 10% ratio, 90°C, 750 rpm and 240 minutes, with maximum Brix was suitable for fortified foods with soluble solid. The methods with 5% ratio, 100°C, 750 rpm and 30 minute parameters and 12% ratio, 90°C, 750 rpm and 240 minutes parameters, which have higher viscosity and lighter color, can be used for light color-fortified products. The A9 (8% ratio, 90°C, 750 rpm and 240 minutes) and A10 (10% ratio, 90°C, 750 rpm and 240 minutes) samples the highest viscosity with the darkest color, can be selected for fortified products where color is not important but needs to be improved in terms of consistency. The results indicate that method parameters in literature for soluble flaxseed gum (SFG) should be chosen according to the characteristics of the food to be fortified.

Baler machines collect the swath straw when it reaches a sufficient level of moisture and bale it. However, the drying time of the material is prolonged in humid regions. This causes the land not to be used for the second crop and to get wet again in case of rainfall. Clogging is observed in commonly used baling machines when baling these products because they are more humid. The study aims to collect and bale the material even if the straw is not sufficiently dried in humid areas. For this purpose, dimensional improvements were made in the stubble chopper unit of a baler and compared with two widely used machines in the country. While clogging was observed in the other machine, no clogging was observed in the improved machine. In terms of direct usability, feed with particle size distribution smaller than 15 cm was 93.20% for the developed machine (DM) and 89.43% for the baler machine (BM-1). DM clogging problems have not been observed.

Foliar melatonin applications are crucial for grape quality as they can enhance skin color development, increase antioxidant capacity and nutritional value of grapes. The effectiveness of preharvest melatonin applications may change depending on fruit species, variety, application time, and dose. In the current study, it was utilized from various doses of melatonin application, including 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1 mmol l-1 for improving the phytochemical attributes of Crimson Seedless table grape variety. The results of the principal component analysis showed that different doses of foliar melatonin application had different effects on the yield and biochemical attributes of grape variety. But particularly, 1 mmol l-1 and 0.50 mmol l-1 of melatonin doses had significant effects on total phenolic compounds content and antioxidant capacity from the phytochemical properties of Crimson Seedless table grape variety.

The growth and development of grapes are influenced by various biotic and abiotic stresses. The presence of Vitis vinifera L. on Earth is threatened by the increase in abiotic stresses and biotic stresses due to global warming. On the other hand, grape quality and, consequently, berry characteristics can also be negatively affected by these stress factors. The hypothesis of this experiment is to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses applied five days before harvest on the berries of live grapevines under field conditions. For this purpose, for two years (2016 and 2017), Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot grape varieties grafted onto the SO4 rootstock at Te-Ha Corp. vineyard were used. In the late pre-harvest period (five days before harvest), seven stress applications, including control, were implemented. The stress application methods included control, impact (1 minute with a plastic hammer at 08:00 and 19:00), leaf removal (removing all leaves), leaf injury (injuring all leaves by hitting with a stick), UV-C (1 minute at 08:00 and 19:00), vibration (1 minute of vibration at 08:00 and 19:00), and Botrytis cinerea Pers ex. Fr (once). The measurements of the features performed are as follows, in order: berry width-length (mm), bery volume (cm3), berry skin area (cm2/grain), berry skin area/berry flesh volume ratio (cm2/cm3), berry fresh-dry weight (g), 100 berry fresh weight (g), berry density (g/cm3), and % dry weight. As a result, it was observed that the applied abiotic and biotic stress treatments did not negatively affect berry characteristics in two years, especially in the second year. Therefore, the application of Shock action, UV-C, Vibration, Leaf injury, Leaf removal, and Botrytis cinerea for improving grape quality was found not to be objectionable.

The study aimed to determine the effects of drought (0.0, -2.0, -4.0, and -6.0 bar PEG 6000) and low temperature (18°C) on the germination and early seedling growth of three melon cultivars (Kırkağaç 589, Hasanbey 1, and Toros Sarıbal). Germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, root length, shoot length, fresh and dry weight of the seedling, and vigor index of the melon cultivars were investigated. The results showed significant effects of low temperature and drought stress on the germination and seedling growth of melon cultivars. As temperature decreased and drought increased, the germination percentage decreased, and mean germination time was delayed. Drought stress led to a decrease in germination percentage, index, and all investigated seedling growth parameters, while the response of melon cultivars to drought stress varied. Seedling growth was more affected by low temperature than germination. Low temperature decreased germination percentage from 87.2% to 63.7% and seedling fresh weight from 140 mg/plant to 64 mg/plant. Each increase in drought levels resulted in a decrease in germination and seedling growth parameters of melon cultivars. Any seedling growth was not observed in Hasanbey 1 and Toros Sarıbal at -6.0 bar at 18°C. Melon cultivars showed different levels of tolerance to drought stress during germination and seedling growth stages, while they could maintain it up to -4.0 bar. It was concluded that Kırkağaç 589 germinated and grew better under drought stress at both optimum and low temperatures.

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of boron concentrations on germination and seedling growth of winter canola varieties under laboratory conditions. Seeds of four winter canola varieties (KWS Cyrill CL, Miranda, PT264, and NK Caravel) were germinated between papers with different boron levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg B L-1) consisting of sodium borate (Na2B8O13.4H2O) at 20°C for 7 days. The germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, seedling growth parameters, and dry matter were measured. The results showed that germination percentage, mean germination time, and germination index were negatively affected by increasing B concentrations. When B levels increased, root and shoot lengths and weights were also inhibited, while the responses of canola varieties differed. B levels had a significant effect on shoot length, which decreased from 5.15 cm to 1.82 cm and root length from 4.99 cm to 2.59 cm. Under boron stress, KWS Cyrill CL germinated higher and developed longer roots and shoots. Differences in both germination and seedling growth among canola cultivars were observed at 80 mg B L-1 and higher. It was concluded that there was a genotypic variation among canola varieties concerning boron toxicity and that KWS Cyrill CL was more tolerant to high boron concentrations than the other varieties.

The aim of current experiment was to determine the effect of supplementation of oak tannin extract on gas production, methane production, digestibility, metabolisable energy and ammonia production of lamb diets using in vitro gas production technique. Oak tannin extract was included into total mixed ration at the 0, 2, 4 and 6 % on a dry matter basis. Although supplementation of oak tannin had no significant effect on gas, methane whereas supplementation had a significant effect on ammonia production of lamb diets. Gas and methane production of total mixed rations ranged from 50.25 to 53.25 ml and 7.72 to 8.15 ml respectively. Ammonia concentration of mixed rations ranged from 54.97 to 62.67 mg/100 ml. The decrease in ammonia of lamb diets per g oak supplementation was 0.1263 mg /100 ml. Metabolisable energy and organic matter digestibility of lamb diets ranged from 10.42 to 10.80 MJ kg DM and 70.27 to 73.02 % respectively. This study clearly showed that oak tannin had an anti-proteolytic potential for ruminant animals and supplementation of oak tannin significantly reduced ammonia production without compromising digestibility of diets. Therefore, oak tannin can be used to manipulate the rate and extent of degradation of protein in the rumen. However, before large implication, oak tannin should be further investigated using in vivo experiment to determine the toxic level of oak tannin in ruminant animals.

Crown rot caused by Fusarium culmorum (FCR) is a common and important pathogen affecting the cereal industry through grain yield and quality losses. In this study, the effects of epoxiconazole plus prochloraz application and several other applications on disease severity and grain quality parameters including thousand-grain weight (TGW), grain yield (GY), protein (GP), Zeleny sedimentation (ZS), wet gluten (WG) and Grain index (GI), were assessed. The efficacy of epoxiconazole plus prochloraz, were determined in the T1 (ZGS25), T2 (ZGS34), and T3 (ZGS45) growth stages of winter wheat with seven alternative spray programs. These programs were based on (i) the application (SF) of seed fungicide to infected seeds (ii) control without fungicide (non-SF) and (iii) three different growth stages of wheat. The interaction between seed fungicide applied and fungicide application time was significant (P≤0.01) for DS, ZS, and WG. The effectiveness regarding the disease severity, TGW, and GY of epoxiconazole plus prochloraz in relation to FCR wheat showed significant (P≤0.01) changes depending on the application time. The disease severity resulted in lower T1-T2 (9.66%) and T1-T2-T3 (9.91%) stages than the other stages. The highest yields were obtained when the fungicide was applied twice at the T1-T2 stages. DS/TGW and DS/GY were negatively correlated and TGW/GY was positively correlated in SF.

Determination of fecundity gene mutations and utilizing them in farm animals programs offers the opportunity to improve productivity. The BMP15/FecX gene is one of the candidate genes with significant effects on multiple births in sheep. Studies in small ruminant have shown that BMP15 gene mutations increase the rate of multiple births, although the effect of BMP15 gene mutations varies at the breed level. Although there are many studies on sheep fecundity in Türkiye, there are no studies on goat. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate FecXG mutation in the exon 2 region of BMP15 gene in Saanen goats (Capra hircus). A total of 24 samples were used to investigate the FecXG mutation in Saanen goats raised in the Muş Plain of Türkiye. A fragment of 141 bp of BMP15 gene was amplified by PCR and then products subjected to the digestion of restriction enzyme HinfI. This preliminary study’s findings showed that there is no FecXG mutation in Saanen goats.

Animal welfare studies continue to gain importance over the years. Since horses are bred and cared for many different purposes, welfare studies on horses have a wide scope. Detailed information about the research topic can be obtained by determining many changes such as the fields, researchers and countries in the published studies over the years through bibliometric analysis. For the bibliometric analysis of horse welfare studies, the Web of Science database was scanned and a total of 1983 documents were found between 1983 and 2023. The most studies in this field were found in Animals, Applied Animal Welfare Science and Equine Veterinary Journal. Mc Greevy P.D. was determined as the author with the most articles in this field. The highest number of corresponding authors of articles in horse welfare were from the United Kingdom. By the bibliometric analysis, the change in years of the trend research fields of horse welfare, based on keywords made the changes particularly easy to understand. The results of the present study could easily be used in planning further studies in horse welfare, which could save time and costs.

This study aimed to assess the impact of various organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and yield components of barley varieties. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Dicle University in 2019-2020. Two barley varieties, Keçiburcu (six rows) and Önder (two rows), and 15 types of organic and inorganic fertilizers were used in this study. All organic fertilizers used in the study were applied at sowing, solid fertilizers were incorporated directly into the soil, and liquid fertilizers were diluted with water and then applied to the soil. Among the fertilizers used in this study, conventional fertilizer (1.48 g/plant) and sheep manure (1.05 g/plant) showed positive effects on grain yield and other traits. As a result, plants benefit from chemical fertilizers in a shorter period because they are absorbed and used more quickly than chemical fertilizers, which are part of traditional agriculture. In addition, organic fertilizers have a positive effect on plant development. For organic barley production, sheep manure is recommended, which yields results similar to those of conventional fertilizers.

This experiment was carried out to investigate a novel phytogenics’ (PCCPR) an acronym for (peppermint, celery, coriander, parsley and rosemary leaf meal mixture) impact on weaned pigs’ performance, heamato-biochemical indicators. A total of forty cross bred weaned male pigs (Large white × Landrace) with an initial body weight of 7.33 ± 0.38 weaned at 28 days of age were individually housed in an open sided pen were randomly divided into four treatment group of six pigs each. Basal diet were adequate in all nutrients (NRC, 2012). The animals were fed as follows; basal diet with antibiotics (neomycin – 1.5 g/kg) in treatment one, treatment two, three and four were fed basal diet supplemented with PCCPR at 5 g, 10 g and 15 g/kg respectively. The experiment lasted for two months and all necessary management practices were observed. Average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake were similar in diet three and four compared to the other groups (P˂0.05). Dietary supplementation of PCCPR resulted in a numerical increase in pack cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell, white blood cell and its differentials (monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and leucocytes) and a remarkable improvement in mean corpuscular volume mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations. All the serum biochemical parameters were significantly affected by the treatments (P˂0.05). However, all values were within the normal physiological range for healthy pigs. It was concluded that the use of PCCPR up to 15 g/kg could boost swine productivity at weaned stage without causing any negative impact on the health status of animals.

Türkiye is an important producer, consumer and exporter in the poultry farming industry across the world. The poultry farming is one of the fastest growing sectors in the field of food and agriculture and has become one of the strongest sectors over time. Especially with the development of industrial sectors, the effective usage and management of energy, which is the most important issue of almost every business, has recently become an important structure in the building sector in Türkiye. This study examined optimum insulation layer thickness, energy savings, and emissions of CO2 for the exterior walls and roofs of poultry farming facilities. The study used the degree day method, which is widely used in standard insulation calculations, in accordance with broiler production. As the equilibrium temperature, the desired temperature values of broilers for each week in the 6-week period were taken as the basis (31, 29, 25, 23.50, 22.50, 20.50°C). Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was applied to identify the optimal values of insulation thickness in the facilities. Accordingly, the optimum insulation layer thickness, savings amount, and payback period for the walls and roofs ranged between 0.043-0.270 m and 0.022-0.094 m, 7.53-164.65 S/m2 and 12.85-319.62 S/m2, 1.19-2.19 years and 1.18-1.99 years, respectively. It has been calculated that a 70-80% reduction in CO2 emissions could be managed by applying the optimum insulation layer thickness.

Umumi Müfettişlikler Osmanlı Devleti’nin idari sisteminde 19. yüzyılın sonlarında yer almıştır. Bu dönemde kurulan Umumi Müfettişlikler kuruldukları bölgelerde yapılan ıslahatları denetlemek, asayişi sağlamak, idari, adli, sosyal ve ekonomik alanlarda çalışmalar yapmak amacıyla kurulmuştur. Umumi Müfettişlikler Milli Mücadele döneminde Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından 1921 yılında kabul edilen Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu’nda da yer almıştır. Ancak Milli Mücadele’nin devam ettiği o günkü şartlarda uygulanamamıştır. Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra 25 Haziran 1927 tarihinde Umumi Müfettişlik Teşkiline Dair Kanun’un kabul edilmesiyle Umumi Müfettişlikler kurularak uygulamaya konulmuştur. 1927-1947 yılları arasında beş Umumi Müfettişlik kurulmuştur. Doğu Anadolu’da Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliğinin kurulmasında Başbakan İsmet İnönü’nün 1935 yılında Doğu Anadolu ve Karadeniz Bölgesi’ne yaptığı gezi etkili olmuştur. İsmet İnönü’nü doğu gezisi sonrasında hazırladığı rapor göz önüne alınarak bölgede var olan sorunların yerinde tespiti ve çözümünü kolaylaştırmak amacıyla bölgede Umumi Müfettişlik kurulması kararı alınmıştır. Buna göre 23 Ağustos 1935 tarihinde Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği kurulmuş ve müfettiş olarak Tahsin Uzer atanmıştır. Bu makalede Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliğinin kurulması ve Üçüncü Umum Müfettişi Tahsin Uzer’in Iğdır ile ilgili yaptığı çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada arşiv belgelerinden, ulusal ve yerel basından ve konu ile ilgili araştırma eserlerinden faydalanılmıştır.

This study aimed to investigate the nexus between personal values and consumption values towards consumers' preferences for fresh fish. A cross-sectional data of 300 respondents was selected using a multi-stage random sampling procedure. A well-structured questionnaire and personal interview were used to collect data from the respondents. Factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis were conducted to achieve the study’s objectives. Findings showed that females (67.5%) were the majority of respondents, household size ranged between 4-6 persons, and many (76.7%) were married. The mean age was 41 years, and 83.3% were formally educated. The relationship between personal values and consumption values was positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. The study revealed that variables like benevolence, security and self-direction were strongly correlated with emotional and functional values of the first canonical covariates. The study concludes that high benevolence, security and self-direction evoke high emotional and functional values when consumers buy fresh fish. Based on these findings, the study recommends that fresh fish marketers should pay more attention to the price-quality relationship, the performance and content of the product and the quality of packaging, as most respondents place more value on what they consume.

The dried fruit moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner, 1813) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most important pests of both dried fruits and stored grains and products. One of the alternative control methods to chemicals in the control against this pest is the use of biological control methods. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) stand out because they do not have any negative effects on the environment, living organism and human health, other than the target pests. In this study, ET 10 and Bb 18 isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. were applied to the 4th instar larvae of P. interpunctella under laboratory conditions and their effectiveness was determined. EPF isolates were sprayed to the larvae in plastic petri dishes at a concentration of 1x108 conidia/ml. The experiments were carried out in a randomized plots experimental design with five replicates, with five 4th instar larvae in each petri dish. After the applications, the number of live larvae was recorded by counting the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days and the % mortality rate was calculated. On the fifth day of the experiment, mortality rates of 92% were recorded for the ET 10 isolate of B. bassiana and 84% for the Bb 18 isolate. In the seventh day counts, 100% mortality rates were determined for both isolates of B. bassiana. As a result, it is concluded that B. bassiana may have a potential effect in the biological control of stored product pests.

Forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an annual legume forage crop grown in various regions of Türkiye. It is high in protein, carbohydrate, and digestible matter and contains minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, and vitamins A and D. Salinity stress is an important problem in the cultivation of forage peas. Salinity reduces the osmotic potential of soil solutes, making it difficult for the roots to absorb the water. This study aimed to determine some parameters of two registered forage pea cultivars at different concentrations of two salt types. The effects of these salts on the morphological characteristics and biochemical components of two different registered cultivars of pea, cv. Ateş and cv. Töre were investigated in the present study. The trials were conducted in pots and Na2SO4 and CaCl2 were applied at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM. As a result of the trials, the morphological characteristics like fresh and dry weights and lengths of roots and shoots were investigated along with the biochemical properties like total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The study was performed in 2 replicates to determine the effect of different salt types and concentrations. The critical salt concentration values for the change in shoot and root fresh weight among morphological traits were determined as 100 and 150 mM for secondary metabolites. While the cv. Töre forage pea showed the highest salt resistance in shoot and root fresh weights in the presence of Na2SO4 the cv. Ateş forage pea showed the lowest salt resistance in the presence of CaCl2. In terms of shoot and root dry weights, the cv. Töre forage pea showed the least resistance at 50 mM Na2SO4 concentration. As for plant length, the cv. Ateş forage pea cultivar showed the least resistance in shoot length at 150 mM CaCl2 concentration, while it showed the highest resistance in root length at this value. The highest total antioxidant activity for the cv. Ateş forage pea and the highest total phenolic content for the cv. Töre forage pea were determined at 150 mM CaCl2 concentration. The lowest total phenolic content value was estimated in the cv. Töre forage pea cultivar at 150 mM Na2SO4 salt concentration.

Since the beginning of rice cultivation, weed control has been a problem in Türkiye as well as in many other countries. Rice has both an important cultural plant and limited production for Türkiye. There are significant yield losses due to weeds and therefore weed control has an important place in rice agriculture. Species belonging to the genus Scirpus in rice production areas have recently become an important problem in rice cultivation areas of Türkiye as well as in rice cultivation areas of many other countries. In order to determine the morphological and genetic diversity of Scirpus mucronata, which is a problem in rice cultivation areas in Türkiye, 62 populations collected from the rice production areas of the Marmara and Black Sea Regions were evaluated over 8 ISSR primers and 12 morphological parameters. In the ISSR study, observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.192 to 0.970 and from 0.136 to 0.566, respectively. In the morphological and molecular analyses performed, differences were detected in some quantitative characters between the examined populations. While morphological similarities were found between the populations grown in different regions that could not be ignored, genetic diversity was found to be higher. Morphological and genetic relationships between populations were not found to be related to geographic distance. In the context of the results, it is important to focus on field management practices such as cultural methods, as well as good control of rice seed traffic and herbicide use. It should not be forgotten that these measures are important in terms of integrated weed management strategies.

This study aims to assess the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid profile, as well as nutrient content estimation of the cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roemer) unshelled kernel (CLUK) that is considered to have the potential to improve product quality and general health in poultry nutrition. The CLUK blend obtained from fruit collected to represent cherry laurel produced in Türkiye was dried, unshelled, and ground to pass through a 1-mm sieve. This CLUK blend was analyzed according to the relevant method of each parameter to describe assessment results. The crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents of the CLUK blend were recorded to be 28.94, 34.55, 26.25, and 36.70%, respectively. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the radical-scavenging potencies such as DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid) were 139.84, 11.79, and 8.00 µg trolox equivalents mg-1, respectively. A total phenolic of 3.31 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 and ascorbic acid of 1.57% contents was determined for the CLUK blend. The primary fatty acids for the CLUK blend were identified as oleic (66.61%), linoleic (15.61%), and palmitic (11.78%). These results reveal that the studied CLUK blend has the potential for quality, healthy, and eco-friendly poultry production.

This study aims to investigate the polymorphism of the Diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) gene locus in 105 Morkaraman and 65 Tushin lambs to determine the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of lambs in terms of related genes. DGAT1/Alu1 gene polymorphism was defined by using the PCR-RFLP method in the DNAs isolated from hair samples taken from Morkaraman and Tushin lambs used in this study. PCR- RFLP products were run in an electrophoresis medium and the results were visualized on an ultraviolet (UV) transluminator. When the population was examined in terms of allele frequencies, it was defined that the C allele and the T allele were 0.72% and 0.28% for the Morkaraman, and 0.71% and 0.29% for Tushin, respectively. The CC, CT, and TT genotype frequencies of the DGAT1 gene in the population were found to be 53.3%, 38.1%, and 8.6% for the Morkaraman and 50.8%, 40.0%, and 9.2% for the Tushin, respectively. In the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium test, it was observed that the distribution of genotype frequencies was in balance (P>0.05) in the population. It has been defined that the genotype and allele frequencies determined in terms of DGAT1 gene polymorphism may be found to be sufficient to reveal the genotype diversity of the breeds. The genotype and allele frequencies determined in terms of DGAT1 gene polymorphism were sufficient to reveal the genotype diversity of the breed, the sheep with CC genotype are economically advantageous in the herd, and therefore DGAT1 gene can be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Moldy cheese produced in Bayburt and its surroundings is a mature cheese with a distinctive flavor that can be prepared in three ways. It is made from only Civil cheese, only cottage cheese (çökelek) or mixing the shredded Civil cheese with cottage cheese made from moderately fatty, or non-fat milk, pressing it into appropriate containers, draining the water, and allowing the cheese to organically mold. It is produced traditionally, and there are no production standards. This study was carried out to identify some of the physical, chemical, and sensory properties, mineral substances, and heavy metal contents of moldy cheeses produced and consumed in the region. In the cheese samples (24 pieces), the average dry matter (DM) rate was 51.26%, ash rate was 5.68%, salt rate was 6.21%, fat rate was 4.81%, acidity level was 0.96% and pH value was 5.79, L color value was 74.94, a color value was 0.94, b color value was 8.24. In sensory analyses, the samples scored an average of 5.94 points for color and appearance, 6.10 points in moldiness, 6.11 points for texture, 5.72 points for odor, 6.03 points for taste, 6.30 points for saltiness, and 6.01 points for general acceptability. 29 elements were examined to determine mineral substances and heavy metal concentrations. These findings are important in terms of revealing some general characteristics and heavy metal content of moldy cheese produced in the region.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of varying holding durations on some post-hatching characteristics of broiler pure line chicks with different selection backgrounds. Fifty d-old chicks from each of 3 dam (A1, A2, A3) and 1 sire (B1) ANADOLU-T broiler pure lines were used. Ten chicks of each genotype were treated with holding durations of 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48-h after hatching. At the end of each holding duration, individual chick weight (g), weight loss (g, %), chick length (mm), wing feather length (mm), rectal temperature (°C), yolk sac weight and percentage (g, %) and yolk-free body mass (g) were determined. Hatching egg weights were similar in A1 (60.9 g), A2 (60.9 g) and B1 (61.1 g) lines, but higher than A3 (59.2 g) (P<0.001). Chick weights were significantly different between genotypes both at hatch and at the each holding duration (P<0.01) and B1 line chicks were the heaviest, A3 the lightest. Absolute and relative mean weight loss occurred in the A3, B1, A1 and A2 lines as 3.7 g and 8.6%, 3.6 g and 8.8%, 3.0 g and 7.3% and 3.1 g and 7.2%, respectively (P<0.01). While the chick length increased linearly as the holding duration progressed in the B1 and A2 lines, it decreased after the 12-h holding period in the A1 line chicks (Interaction effect, P=0.026). The A1 (11.1 mm) and A3 (9.8 mm) line chicks had significantly shorter wing feather lengths (P<0.001) than A2 (15.4 mm) and B1 (15.1 mm) chicks. Rectal temperature values were lower in the A1 line than the others (P<0.01). Genotype x holding duration interaction on yolk sac weight and percentage was significant (P<0.05). A3 chicks with the highest yolk sac weight (6.2 g) and percentage (15.2%) at hatch had higher yellow sac absorption than other genotypes during the 48-h holding. Yolk-free body mass was the highest in B1 (36.7 g) and lowest in A3 chicks (34.5 g) (P<0.001). In conclusion, chick weight, chick length and yolk-free body mass were greatly influenced by egg weight. Regardless of the genotype, the extended holding durations at hatch resulted in deterioration in the general chick characteristics. Further studies are needed to reveal embryonic development and early post-hatch chick characteristics that are likely altered by different selection strategies for each pure line.

This study was carried out to determine the effects and phenotypic relationships of some environmental factors (first calving age, calving year, and calving season) on Lactation period, dry period, milk yield and Milkability traits. The material of the study was the lactation records of 1079 Holstein cows raised in a private dairy farm. As a result of analyses, the values of 305-DMY yield (305 DMY), the lactation period (LP), dry period (DP), time to reach peak yield (Tmax), peak yield (Ymax), average daily milk yield (ADMY), total lactation milk yield (ATMY) and age at first calving (AFC) were determined as 9926.3±178.1 kg, 318.1±1.4 days, 60.05±0.9 days, 95.2±2.1 days, 42.3±0.3 kg, 32.2±0.3 kg, 10248.7±94.1, and 26.7±0.2 months, respectively. The study found the average milk flow rate (MFR) and the average milking time (MT) as 2.0±0.0 kg min-1 and 360.9±4.7 seconds, respectively. In addition, estimates of the 305-day mature equivalent milk yield (ME 305-d) and MFR were also found to be 0.41±0.24 and 0.51±0.30, respectively. As a result, this dairy farm can be recommended as an example to breeders who have just started their dairy farm in Türkiye and countries with similar environmental conditions and are looking for a model.

The objective of this study is to identify the proximate composition, phytochemical profile, and anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Gossypium herbaceum leaf powder (GLP). The fresh leaves of the G. herbaceum were collected, cleansed with fresh water, drained and allowed to dry in the shade, ground to GLP and analysed. The crude fibre (42.93%) and nitrogen-free extract (36.46 %) have a relatively high proportion in GLP; while ash (2.47%) has the lowest proportion. The GLP has relatively high phenol (219.20 mg/g) when compared to flavonoids (81.03 mg/g), tannins (69.56 mg/g), saponins (66.67 mg/g) and alkaloids (55.80 mg/g). The α-amylase inhibition and α-glucosidase inhibition of GLP were 48.45% and 30.68%, respectively. The percentage of albumin denaturation inhibition and anti-proteinase activity of GLP was 22.88% and 43.87%, respectively. The lipid peroxidation inhibition, vitamin C, Fe chelation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl were 35.43%, 23.87%, 11.76% and 88.16%, respectively. GLP exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties.

Nowadays, there has been a growing interest in finding alternative protein sources for both the food industry and nutritional purposes. Protein experts have recently focused on investigating watermelon seeds, which are not only a food processing waste but also contain high-quality proteins. Therefore, this study aimed to achieve maximum protein extraction from watermelon seeds using an ultrasound-assisted extraction process. The study investigated the effects of pH (A; 7─11), sonication temperature (B; 30─60 °C), and sonication time (C; 5─15 min) on protein recovery to develop a Taguchi model. Through optimization, the optimal conditions for maximum protein recovery (85.81%) within the range of process variables were found to be 11 pH, 45 °C sonication temperature, and 10 min sonication time (A3B2C2). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that pH and sonication temperature significantly influenced the protein extraction process (P<0.05). The optimized extraction conditions resulted in a remarkable improvement (56.79%) in protein recovery compared to the initial process parameters $(A_1B_1C_1)$. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed extraction model for obtaining proteins from high-protein seed sources.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada; Batı ve Orta Karadeniz bal arısı popülasyonlarının bal verimi, kuluçka üretim etkinliği ve kışlama yetenekleri bakımından uygulanan seleksiyon işlemi ile Karadeniz Bölgesi koşullarına adapte olmuş damızlık bal arısı materyalinin elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Batı ve Orta Karadeniz Bölgesinin göçer arıcılığın yapılmadığı farklı alanlarından, sabit arıcılık yapan ve ticari ana arı kullanmayan işletmelerden temin edilen 200 koloni 2014-2020 yılları arasında seleksiyona tabi tutulmuştur. Bu kolonilerin bal verimi, kuluçka üretim etkinliği ve kışlama yeteneklerine ait indeks değerleri hesaplanmış ve %25’lik dilime giren ilk 50 koloni belirlenerek selekte edilmiştir. Seleksiyona tabi tutulan her bir koloniden 4’er adet ana arı üretilip her iki yılda bir ana arı, yetiştirilip bu ana arıların kendi kolonileri dışındaki diğer kolonilerden toplanan semen ile yapay tohumlamaları yapılmıştır. Yapay tohumlanan ana arılar kolonilere kabul ettirilerek sürü tekrar 200’e tamamlanmıştır. Böylelikle seçilen koloniler bir yıl suni tohumlama yöntemi ile çiftleştirilmiş ertesi yılda çiftleştirilmiş kolonilerden bazı performans verileri elde edilmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Seçilmiş 50 koloninin 2015, 2017, 2019 yıllarına ait ortalama yavru alan indeksleri sırasıyla 3.8±0.08; 3,9±0.05; 4,0±0.08, ortalama kışlama indeksleri 4,4±0.11; 4,9±0.04; 4,1±0.04, bal verim indeksleri 3,9±0.09; 3,2±0.05; 3,1±0.09 ve koloni indeks değerleri ise 12±012; 12 0±0.09; 11,2±0.14 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kolonilerin yıllar itibariyle ortalama bal verimi 23.68; 24.50, 26.39 kg/koloni, kışlama yeteneği (%) 98.41; 97.15; 81.94 kuluçka üretim etkinliği ise 2064.89; 2123.75; 2023.22 cm2/ koloni olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Batı ve Orta Karadeniz bal arısı popülasyonları ile 2014-2022 tarihleri arasında seleksiyon çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üçüncü jenerasyonu tamamlanan ıslah materyalinin bal verimi, kuluçka üretim etkinliği ve kışlama yetenekleri bakımından başlangıç sürüsüne oranla önemli ilerlemeler kaydettiği görülmüştür. **Gen kaynağı olarak Karadeniz Bölgesi iklim koşullarına adapte olmuş bu materyalin korunması, sürdürülebilir üretiminin sağlanması ve üreticilerin kullanımına kazandırılması önemli bir husustur.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, çobanüzümü popülasyonlarında bazı morfolojik ve pomolojik özellikleri inceleyerek, sonraki ıslah çalışmalarında kullanmak için farklılık arz eden ümitvar genotipleri belirlemektir. Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma 2011-2012 yılları arasında Trabzon ili Şalpazarı ilçesinde bulunan çobanüzümü (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) popülasyonlarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, çobanüzümü popülasyonlarının yer aldığı bölgeler gezilerek farklılık arz ettiği düşünülen popülasyon grupları içerisindeki genotiplerin morfolojik (sürgün boyu (cm), yaprak uzunluğu (cm), yaprak genişliği (cm)), pomolojik (meyve eni ve boyu (mm), meyve ağırlığı (g), meyve rengi, meyve tadı, meyve şekli, meyve tohum sayısı (adet), sap çukur yara izi (mm), SÇKM, titre edilebilir asit miktarı, pH) belirlenmiştir. Meyvelerin kabuk rengi minolta ile ölçülmüştür. Toplam çözülebilir kuru madde (°Brix), pH değeri ve titre edilebilir asit içeriği (mg/100 ml sitrik asit olarak) belirlenmiştir. Tüm ölçümler, 3 tekerrürlü ve her tekerrürde 10 örnekte (meyve ve yaprak) olacak şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Çalışma alanında genel olarak topluluklar halinde bulunan çobanüzümü popülasyonları gezilerek, farklılık arz ettiği düşünülen popülasyon gruplarında (TŞ15-TŞ25) ölçümler yapılmıştır. Popülasyonlar içerisinde yer alan bireylerin, 14.0-28.0 cm yüksekliğinde alçak boylu sürgünlere sahip olduğu ve bitki büyüme durumu dik olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Yapraklar 2.38-2.58 cm uzunluğunda ve 1.66-1.74 cm genişliğinde, meyvelerin uzunluğu 8.95-9.48 mm, genişliği ise 10.22-10.59 mm aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Çobanüzümü türü üzerine ülkemizde olduğu gibi dünyada da sınırlı sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu araştırma ile özellikle Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yüksek rakımlarda yayılım gösteren Vaccinium myrtillus L. türünde dikkat çeken genotiplerin morfolojik ve pomolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular başlangıç düzeyindedir. Detaylı çalışmalara devam edilip ülkemiz genetik kaynaklarının ortaya çıkartılması ve ürün çeşitliliğinin artırılması önem arz etmektedir. Ülkemiz doğal florasında bulunan Vaccinium türlerinin kaybolmasını engellemek ve üstün özellik gösteren genotiplerin, gelecek yıllarda yapılacak ıslah çalışmalarında kullanılması için koruma altına alınması önerilmektedir.

Quercus ilex (Holm oak) presents itself as trees up to 14–15 m tall in suitable growing site conditions and as shrubs in unsuitable areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between tree-ring widths of Q. ilex and vessel features, tree diameters, climate, and site conditions throughout Türkiye. A total of 1020 cores from 510 trees were collected from 102 sampled sites throughout Türkiye. After using standard dendroclimatology methods, all tree-ring analyses were performed on these chronologies. As a result, tree-ring boundaries were found to be less visible in Türkiye, like in other Mediterranean areas. Mean sensitivity ranged from 0.32 to 0.48 in different regions. Temperature during spring and summer months in the Mediterranean region has a negative effect on tree-ring widths in general. Winter temperature generally has a positive effect on tree-ring growth, and an increase in winter temperature may promote tree-ring width. Monthly total precipitation from November to July has a significant positive effect on tree- ring width and it is higher in the Aegean Region. While tree rings are wide in the trees found in lowlands, they are narrow in shrubs and at high elevations. There are clear negative relationships between tree-ring width and elevation, the amount of leaves in the litter, total litter amount, organic carbon, and soil pH. Regarding tree height, tree diameter, and vessel features, they have positive and high correlations with tree-ring width, except vessel frequency, which has a significant negative correlation. As a result of grouping, while the ratio of sites belonging to the dry group is low in regions that have trees with wide tree rings, the ratio of sites of the dry group is very high in İzmir and Datça, which have trees with narrow tree rings. The region with the widest rings is the Marmara Region, followed by the western Black Sea and the northern and southern Aegean, respectively. In conclusion, Q. ilex is a species that survives in both xeric and humid sites. It has adapted to dry conditions by forming narrow tree rings in Datça and continues to be found in tall bush-shrub forms with individuals over 140 years old. Specimens of the same age are in the form of trees with diameters of 50–60 cm and heights of 10–15 m in Ereğli. For these reasons, this species should be taken into consideration in afforestation and given priority in protection in its natural habitats where soil conditions are favorable, at a maximum distance of 23 km from the sea and in near-coastal areas.

Türkiye dünyada çok önemli bir şimşir havzasına sahiptir. Bu durum hem ekonomik hem de kültürel olarak coğrafyayı ve insanları oldukça etkilemiştir. Türkiye kuzeyi, güneyi ve batısı olmak üzere dünyada ender ve oldukça büyük şimşir ormanlarına sahip olmasına rağmen, son 10-15 yılda bu orman varlığının büyük bir kısmı yok olmuştur. Bu çalışmada elde edilen bilgiler ve arazi çalışmaları sonucu ülke genelinde ilk kez şimşir lokasyonları kapsamlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Türkiye genelinde yapılan çalışma sonucunda Karadeniz Bölgesinde 14, Marmara Bölgesinde 5 ve Akdeniz Bölgesinde 5 ilde olmak üzere toplam 24 ilde şimşir varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Bunlardan Adana ve Antalya lokasyonlarında sadece B. balearica türü yayılış gösterirken Hatay ilinde ise her iki tür (B. sempervirens ve B. balearica) yayılış göstermektedir. B. sempervirens Doğu Karadenizde, Rize, Trabzon ve Giresun’da büyük ormanlar, Orta Karadenizde, Ordu, Samsun ve Sinop’ta küçük alalar, Batı Karadenizde ise Kastamonu, Karabük, Bartın ve Bolu’da yine büyük ormanlar oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Marmara Bölgesinde ise Sakarya ilinde orman büyüklüğünün hatrı sayılır büyüklükte olduğu, Bursa ve Bilecik’te ise küçük alanlarda yayılış gösterdiği görülmüştür. İstanbul, Kocaeli gibi illerde ise canlı lokasyon tespit edilememiş olmakla brilikte, tespit edilen kuruyan alanlarda oldukça küçüktür. Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesinde ise Karhamanmaraş, Osmaniye ve Hatay’a uzanan hatta B. sempervirens ormanları oldukça büyüktür. Adana, Hatay ve Antalya’da yayılış gösteren B. balearica lokasyonları ise küçük ve korumasız alanlardır. Son yapılan çalışmalarda şimşir varlığının bulunduğu lokasyonlar güncellenerek 24 il, 62 ilçe, 200 ana lokasyon olarak yeniden belirlenmiştir. Bu lokasyonların alan ölçümleri ve haritalanması yapılmamıştır. Bu nedenle bu lokasyonların alanlarının belirlenmesi ve haritalarının yapılması önem arz etmektedir. Ayrıca kuruyan alanların lokasyon bilgilerine dayanarak, eldeki genetik kaynakların çoğaltılarak yeniden ağaçlandırılması yapılmalıdır.

The Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) is native to Türkiye, where it is found only in small, scattered, and isolated populations within its natural distribution area. These remaining populations are of critical importance for conservation, for continued use as a natural reservoir, and natural selection. The trees are up to 400 years old and already well-adapted to harsh environmental conditions. In recent years, this species has drawn the attention of agriculture and forest practitioners and scientists in several countries who use this important and valuable tree species in studies of the effects of climate change. The origin and genotype of the reproductive material of this species play a key role in its adaptation to environmental conditions, and possible cultivation. The purpose of this study is to reveal the variation of genotypes selected from 13 different populations in Kastamonu and Bolu provinces in terms of rootstock characteristics. These regions are the locations where the Turkish tree hazel is most abundant. For this aim, the growth habit, vigor, number of suckers, and internode of one-year-old shoots were scored on the parent trees. A Kruskal Wallis-H test was applied to the non-parametric data to determine if there were differences among the populations for each variable and the total number of points. Then the Mann-Whitney-U test was used for differences among the groups. In addition, the phylogenetic relationship among the populations and genotypes was revealed by Cluster analysis. Among the rootstocks scored, KTU3 and KTU64 provided the highest score according to non-suckering and strong growth. It has been observed that individuals in Turkish hazelnut populations generally do not form suckers (%89.4) and show strong growth. C. colurna trees were observed to be individual and scattered in the population. Most of the trees are elderly and need to be protected in situ. Turkish hazel population will play a key role in production and sustainable such as to develop rootstock and variety in agriculture production, sustainable forest development, and for ecological adaptation in climate change scenarios.

The quality of the grapes taken from the vines varies depending on many factors. Grape quality is one of the critical determining factors in the crop load left on the vine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three different crop load levels (36 (T1), 75 (T2), and 105 (T3) bud vine-1) on yield, quality, and sugar fractions of Early Sweet (Vitis vinifera L.) table grape variety grown in Alaşehir district of Manisa/Türkiye. As two years average, the heaviest clusters, berry weight, and soluble solid content (733.0g, 4.41g, 18.05%) were determined in T1 crop load level while the lowest weight clusters and berry weight (580.7g, 388g, 17.42%) were obtained from T3 crop load level. The opposite of these findings was observed in titratable acidity values. In the research; the highest amount of table grapes per vine was obtained at T2 treatment in both years. The mean total glucose values for both years varied between 45.70% (T1), 45% (T2), and 37.90% (T3), respectively. Fructose content ranged between 41.50% (T1) and 41% (T3), and sorbitol content was 2.17% (T1), 2.05% (T2), and 2.17% (T3). Galactose content was negligible in all crop load treatments and ranged between 0.54% and 0.56%. The result is also T2 treatment (75 bud vine-1) can be recommended to ‘Early Sweet’ grape growers as the most effective treatment that provides the highest amount of marketable grapes in terms of yield-quality balance.

Suckers that develop rapidly in hazelnut bottoms compete with the main branches, resulting in yield and quality losses as well as a risk for pest and diseases. Hazelnut suckers are controlled by mechanical, physical and chemical methods. A majority of mechanical methods are impractical in large production areas and physical and chemical methods come to the forefront. Among the physical methods, flaming is an effective method preferred for this purpose. As a result of studies carried out in different countries on the effect of herbicides on suckers, 2.4-D, glufosinate ammonium, paraquat, carfentrazone-ethyl, and saflufenacil have been recommended. For this purpose, 2.4-D, diquat and glyphosate are applied in Türkiye. Aside from herbicides, some nitrogen fertilizers and plant growth regulators were also effective. In Türkiye, hazelnut growers prefer mechanical and chemical applications for controlling suckers, which they consider as a problem. Within the scope of this study, in order to determine effective, economical, and practical methods and to develop control strategies for Türkiye, a literature review was carried out on the methods for controlling hazelnut suckers in Türkiye and in other countries. In the light of compiled information, current methods and their alternatives have been evaluated. As a result, it is concluded that scientific research is needed and region-specific management strategies should be developed by integrating cultural, physical, mechanical and chemical methods which are effective, economical, and practical for the sustainable management of suckers in hazelnut orchards in Türkiye.

Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are observed among people in many developing countries. The high cost of cow's milk and poverty make it difficult for people to access nutritious food. For this reason, low-cost foods that can be an alternative to cow's milk are important. In addition, the fact that cow's milk causes lactose intolerance, high cholesterol, constipation and bloating in some individuals has led people to other alternatives. Apart from these, alternatives for vegan individuals have begun to be considered. All these reasons have increased the demand for alternative milk of plant origin worldwide. Plant-based milks have been the subject of research with different names in the literature. For example: vegetable milk, non-dairy milk, imitation milk, dairy substitute. This review is focused on comparing nutrient composition of cow's milk and plant-based milk alternatives.

Production and consumption of dried meat products are increasing considerably across all nations because they are nutritious, low in fat, easily accessible, and convenient for customers to eat. Over the years, its roles have become vital in human diet as they are consumed to combat protein malnutrition and boost food security of undernourished people in underdeveloped and developing nations. Initially, dried meat products are made to satisfy consumer expectations for sensory and nutritional attributes as well as to reduce meat wastage and increase the meat shelf life during prolonged transportation and storage. Recently, the discovery of contamination that is above the minimal threshold advised for meat safety has made the safety of dried meat products the focus of microbiological evaluation. It is well recognized that eating meat products with poisoning microorganisms could put customers at risk for health problems. As a result, it is critical to refocus the research to determine the viability of dried meat products for eating after production by evaluating the production processes, nutritional quality, and microbial safety. Therefore, this review aimed to highlight the production procedures, nutritional quality and microbial safety of dried meat products and their suitability for consumption after production.

The diversity of natural biological resources is at the heart of concerns on food security and climate change. Originating in Africa, guinea fowl constitutes an alternative source of income and protein of animal origin that can be easily mobilized, mainly for rural populations. How-ever, relatively little information is available on its production system, while its genetic diversity remains an enigma in most Sub Sahara African countries. This study therefore aimed to review the production systems and phenotypic variability of the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in Sub Sahara Africa. It revealed that this species is distributed almost all over the Africa; it is more frequent in many African countries where some studies showed that this species is extensively family farm with a variability of morphometric characters that is a function of sex and environment as well as the production system. This variability seems to indicate its adaptation to environmental conditions. The present review also revealed the need to extend studies to all the agro-ecological zones of Sub Sahara Africa in order to undertake global actions for a sustainable exploitation of the guinea fowl. This would necessarily include variability studies for its genetic improvement, preservation and conservation.

In this study, the usability of models commonly used in in vitro gas production techniques in different feed sources was comparatively investigated. For this purpose, Richard, Logistic, Orskov, Verhulst, Janoschek, Weibull, Bridges, Mitscherling, Monomolecular and Von Bertalanffy models, which are widely used in the literature, were used. In comparing these models, criteria such as mean square error (MSE), coefficient of determination(𝑅2), corrected coefficient of determination (R ̅^2), accuracy factor (AF), bias factor (BF), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were used. As a result of the research, according to these criteria, the best model in Arbutus andrachne plant was determined as Richard, and the worst model was determined as Janoscheck and Weibull model. For Arbutus unedo, Ceratonia siliqua and Laurus nobilis L. plants, the best models were determined as Orskov, Mitscherling, Monomolecular and Von Bertalanffy models, and the worst models were Logistic and Verhulst models.

This study investigated the effects of chemical fertilizer (20-20-20) and two different organic fertilizers (compost and wood ash) applications on eggplant seedling quality. Peat was used as the growing medium. Some seedling quality parameters such as stem diameter, seedling height, number of leaves, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, root length and total seedling dry weight were investigated. In general, although applying chemical fertilizer is the best value in the seedling quality parameters, it was determined that statistically (P<0.05), similar values were obtained in applying compost. As a result, it was determined that compost fertilizer applications could compete with compound fertilizers. Compost application, which stands out regarding seedling dry weight, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area values, has been determined to provide height control in seedlings compared to chemical fertilizer application.

In this study, bibliometric analysis was applied to time series, which has been widely used in animal science studies in recent years. In the method part of the study, a bibliometric analysis was carried out for time series commonly used in animal science studies. In the study is to determine the trends in recent years in the field of animal science, by examining 3895 studies with the term "time series" in the title of the article published within the scope of SCI-Expanded between 1980 and 2023, within the scope of bibliometric analysis. Statistical evaluations were calculated using the R software belonging to the "bibliometrix" package. All data were generated bibliographically from the WoS system in plain text format. Time series has been one of the most popular research areas due to its application in many different fields such as cell biology, plant sciences, zoology, animal science, etc. There are many authors' works in the field of time series. According to the analysis, a total of 3202 studies, such as articles, journals, books, etc. by 14154 authors, were published on time series in animal science. As a result of the analysis, in the 14154 authors, only 247 studies has been single authored documents of afromentioned topic. Time series in animal science examined within the scope of author’s collaboration that there were 0.275 authors per document. This study aims to conduct bibliometric analysis to determine the importance of time series in the field of agriculture, the number of publications by year, annual publication increase, and distribution by country and number of articles by keywords. The analysis results will be an important contribution to both readers and researchers.

This study was carried out to determine the biomass potential, energy value, bio-composting material and composting possibilities produced from plant and animal residues in Samsun. Samsun is a province of Türkiye in the Black Sea region. Samsun province has 17 districts. Residue amounts of agricultural products grown in Samsun were calculated using the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) 2021 and year product production data, Türkiye Biomass Energy Potential Atlas (BEPA) 2021 biomass data. The total amount of agricultural waste is approximately 877.812 tons wheat 254.154 tons, paddy 132,891 tons, maize 53.861 tons and oat 47.797 tons in cereals in fruits, hazelnut is 66.363 tons and peach is 125.065 tons. Total heating value was found as 5.439.003 GJ. Hazelnut was the highest contributor to this value with 27% as fruit for cereals, it was maize with 17.14%. The energy equivalents of the biomass amounts are respectively; 37.34% hazelnut, 24% paddy, 10% wheat, 17.4% maize and 11.26% other plants were found.

This study was carried out in order to reveal the current situation of goose breeding in extensive and semi-intensive conditions in Afyonkarahisar and Uşak provinces and to determine the important problems encountered in breeding. The material of the study; consists of a total of 200 survey data, 125 from the villages of the Merkez, Bolvadin, Sinanpaşa, Sultandağı, Çobanlar, and İhsaniye districts of Afyonkarahisar province, 75 from the Central, Banaz, Sivaslı, and Karahallı districts of the Uşak province. According to the research findings, it has been determined that more than half of the producers in Afyonkarahisar and Uşak have an average of 1-10 years of goose breeding. It has been determined that the number of breeding male geese per farm is 1-5, and the average number of breeding female geese is 3-20 (M/F: 1/3-5/20). It has been determined that 64% of the goose shelters in Afyonkarahisar and 50.6% in Uşak are made of briquettes or bricks. In conclusion, it can be said that the main problems of the producers are feed costs, inadequacies in care and feeding, breeding with low-yielding domestic breeds, difficulties in the supply of breeding animals, and problems in marketing. Expanding the scope of the goose incentive will provide an opportunity to prevent losses in our goose stock and to increase our goose presence again in the future.

Wilt disease caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is one of the stress factors affecting yield and fiber quality traits in cotton cultivation. Plant activators provide resistance by stimulating genes that activate the resistance mechanism in the plant. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of plant activators such as auxiGRO, Green Miracle, Maxicrop, ProAct Plus, and Sojall Vitanal against Verticillium wilt under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Firstly, the effect of various concentrations of plant activators (0, 1, 5, 25, 100, 250, and 500 ppm) on mycelial growth of two fungal isolates of V. dahliae (PHCVd3-non-defoliating pathotype and PHCVd47-defoliating pathotype) in potato dextrose agar (PDA) media was investigated in vitro. The effect of plant activators on V. dahliae was determined in tolerant cotton plants (cv Carmen) and susceptible cotton plants (cv Acala SJ2) in two different ways seed coating and foliar application in vivo. In vitro experiments were carried out with three replicates, and in vivo experiments were with five replicates depending on a completely randomized plot design. 500 ppm dose of all plant activators inhibited the mycelial growth of both isolates by approximately 90%. The lowest disease index (DI) against PHCVd3 was determined as 1.43 in the tolerant cv Carmen with seed coating of auxiGRO. The lowest DI against PHCVd47 was found in Sojall Vitanal and ProAct Plus at 2.09 and 2.12, respectively. The lowest DI against both isolates was found as 1.42 and 2.18 in cv Carmen by foliar application of ProAct Plus, respectively. Plant activators did not show any inhibitory effect on disease severity against both isolates in cv Acala SJ2. The combination of tolerant cultivar + plant activators can be suggested against Verticillium wilt disease as an alternative control.

Crop water requirement or crop evapotranspiration is a vital parameter for irrigation, and it is necessary to determine the quantity of water to be applied for irrigation and develop an effective irrigation schedule. CROPWAT 8.0, decision-support computer software developed by the United Nations Food Agriculture Organization, is used to calculate crop water requirements. In this paper, the CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to estimate the water requirements of tomato crops in Afgoye. The model estimated that the reference evapotranspiration throughout the year reaches 1927.6 mm and the daily reference evapotranspiration is 5.29 mm. The total annual rainfall reaches 584.0 mm with an effective rainfall of 511.1 mm. The total crop evapotranspiration during the growing period was estimated at 678.2 mm and the total irrigation amount was calculated as 452.3 mm with an effective rainfall of 230.6 mm. During the growing period, the net and gross irrigation reaches 392.9 and 561.3 mm respectively. Field experiments should be conducted in the same season and cropping patterns to validate the accuracy of the crop water requirement prediction.

This study was carried out in Akkaraman sheep breed in Tokat province, which is within the scope of The National Sheep and Goat Breeding Project. In this study, some reproductive traits of Akkaraman sheep and live weights of lambs were determined. In this study, the data of 28797 sheep and 25983 lambs between the years 2017-2021 were used. The average birth weight was 4.14 kg in the 5-year period. The birth weight according to the years was determined as 4.31, 3.85, 4.13, 3.92 and 4.25 kg, respectively. Mean birth weights vary according to year, maternal age, birth type and sex (P<0.01). The average weaning weight was determined as 30.85 kg. Average weaning weights vary according to year, maternal age, birth type and sex (P<0.01). Lambing rate was found to be 85% on average. Litter size is 0.89. Fecudity was 1.05. Infertility rate was determined as 15 %. The average survival rate was determined as 93%. As a result, it has been revealed that there have been improvements in terms of live weight and fertility in herds over the years.

The present study aimed to detect Flavobacterium psychrophilum in fish samples collected from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792) farms in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Türkiye by means of bacteriological culture and polymerase chain reaction and to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative bacteria. A total of 40 trout farms located in Diyarbakır, Adıyaman, Şanlıurfa, and Batman provinces were visited, and 1200 samples were examined. During January and February 30 fish with an average live weight of 200–250 g were collected from each farm. Samples were obtained from the liver, spleen, kidneys, and tissues following macroscopic laboratory examination of the specimens. Antibiotic treatment is the treatment of choice owing to the lack of an effective vaccine in the control of the disease. Therefore, it is important to rapidly identify the bacterial species and investigate its susceptibility to antibiotics. In this study, the causative bacteria were detected in 5 out of 40 farms. The causative bacteria infected the liver, kidney, and tissues. The sensitivity of Enrofloxacin (5 microgram (µg)), Florfenicol (30µg), Neomycin (5µg), Amoxicillin (25µg), Oxytetracycline (30µg), Erythromycin (10µg), Gentamycin (5µg), Streptomycin (5µg) and Nalidixic acid (10µg) were defined at chancing ratios. In conclusion, these bacteria were detected in regional farms, which should minimize the stress factors by avoiding overstocking and following the required hygiene rules.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the β-casein CSN2 genotypes (A1A1, A1A2, A2A2) and the biochemical characters and fatty acid composition of milk. Twenty-three milk samples from Jersey cows from the same herd from a farm in Hungary were studied. Animals were grouped according to β-casein genotype variants A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2. A1A1 milk had a significantly higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids (P<0.001) and a lower content of saturated fatty acids (<0.001). A2A2 milk had a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P<0.001) in milk. Moreover, the three varieties of milk show no significant difference for the composition of the polyunsaturated between CSN2 genotypes A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2. Also, no significant differences were observed in physicochemical composition of the milk. Accordingly, selective selection of genotypes with preferred qualities can improve milk and dairy products. In conclusion the fatty acid content the milk could be influenced by CSN2 genotypes A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2.

Poultry farming is exposed to several hazards caused by epidemic diseases, climate change and marketing among others which lead to losses of revenue. Yet, majority of poultry farmers do not neither shared nor transferred their hazards rightly. In the light of this, this study examined the determinants of poultry egg farmers’ participation in livestock insurance in Rivers State, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained with the aid of questionnaire and interview schedules from 120 farmers drawn through multistage sampling procedure. Descriptive statistics and Probit regression model were used to analyze the data. Results shows the mean age of the poultry egg farmers to be 45.21 years, years spent in formal education mean of 14.87 years, mean household size of five (5), and stock size of 1721 birds were obtained. 60.8% were aware of livestock insurance and about 35% of the farmers insured their farms. Probit regression result shows that access to credit facilities, stock size and household size were statistically significant determining the poultry egg farmers’ participation in livestock insurance scheme. Poor agricultural extension service delivery and delay in indemnity payment among others were constraints encountered in participating livestock insurance. The study recommends that extension agents in collaboration with the insurance company providers should educate poultry farmers on livestock insurance role in risk management. Also, insurance companies should endeavor to keep terms of contractual arrangements not to delay in indemnity payment to the farmers.

This study aimed to compare different DNA extraction methods to achieve higher amounts and purity levels from molted feathers of pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). We evaluated 226 animals consisting of 202 pigeons and 24 cockatiels for these purposes. We performed three commercially available DNA extraction kits to isolate DNA from the feather samples. These kits were compared regarding DNA yield and quality depending on the different applications made during the isolation. DNA concentration (ng/mL) and absorbance ratio (260/280) were measured using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. Kruskal- Wallis test with the Dunn’s post hoc comparison was performed for the statistical comparisons. The mean DNA concentration was the highest in isolation with the kit C. Among three commercial kits, statistically significant differences were observed concerning nucleic acid concentration (ng/μL) (P<0.001). Also, the best 260/280 nm ratio absorbance was obtained with the kit B, while the lowest purity was obtained from kit C. Moreover, the concentration and purity of DNA were detected as higher in cockatiels than in pigeons, and the significant differences were determined between birds based on spectrometric measurements (P<0.001). In conclusion, the reported findings in this study may be helpful for the DNA extraction from the feather samples collected non-invasively in the field for genetic analysis in birds.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the efficiency ratios of extracts obtained from walnut outer green shell at different concentrations in order to provide surface sterilization in in vitro propagation of rosehip plant. Axillary buds taken in June were used as explants. After surface sterilization of the explants with walnut outer shell extract, they were cultured in MS0 nutrient medium. The lowest contamination rate on the 5th and 7th days was observed in the control and 20K groups. In addition, the highest number of shoots per explant was obtained in the 20K group. Uncontaminated explants were subcultured to MS0 medium containing 1.0 mg /L IBA + 1.0 mg /L BAP and 1.0 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/L NAA at the end of the 7th day. Rooting was not observed in the explants due to browning. In the in vitro propagation of plants, extract (20K) obtained from oven-dried walnut shell can be used instead of chemical sterilant.

The aim of this study was to investigate the phenological and pomological characteristics of R. canina species cultivated and naturally distributed in Amasya province. Rosa canina is one of the important plants distributed worldwide and used in food, medicine, raw materials, and landscaping. The research was carried out in 2022 using cultivated and naturally growing rosehip plants and their fruits in Suluova (Bayırlı Village and Yüzbeyi Village) and Taşova (Esençay Village and Kırkharman Village) districts of Amasya province. The phenological characteristics of the species were observed between April and December. The height (cm), average crown width (cm), and number of branches were measured from north-south and east-west directions of the natural and cultivated rosehip species; the number of fruits and fruit weight of the fruits sampled from 10 individuals were measured by weighing them on a precision balance. The thorniness of the natural and cultivated rosehip plants selected in each location in the study was scored as Very; 3, Moderate; 7, Less; 10. According to the findings, the most significant difference between naturally grown rosehip and cultivated rosehip plants in terms of phenological periods is the ripening time of the fruits. Plant height varied between 180.10±11.94 -78.00±8.45 in cultivated R. canina species and between 119.50±56.34 and 89.00±50.43 in wild species. Crown width ranged between 288.90±12.35 cm and 89.40±2.23 cm in cultivated individuals and between 146.10±7.38 cm and 123.20±7.30 cm in wild species. The number of branches was found between 14.70±4.39 and 6.20±1.22 in cultivated individuals and between 11.20±4.36 and 8.70±5.81 in wild individuals. The study, it was observed that the thorniness was low or moderate in all cultivated rosehip plants. Fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit length ranged between 2.29±0.18 and 1.97±0.28; 14.27±0.64 and 12.93±0.59; 20.27±0.80 and 20.10±1.42 in wild R. canina individuals, respectively. In cultivated R. canina species, fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit length ranged from 3.48±0.12 to 2.61±0.28; 17.21±0.85 to 15.53±0.97; 26.65±0.85 to 20.16±0.72, respectively. Fruit weight and fruit diameter of cultivated and wild rose hips were statistically different in different locations.

Couscous has been widely eaten around the world because it has a low glycemic index, is low in fat, and is simple to prepare. However, it should be cooked before consumption. Therefore, novel heating methods, such as ohmic heating, can be used to cook couscous. This study aimed to investigate the potential use of ohmic heating at a voltage gradient of 17 V/cm to cook couscous and compare it with the conventional cooking method. To determine the effect of ohmic heating and conventional methods on the quality properties (color, texture profile analysis, cooking loss, moisture content, and weight increase (%)) of couscous, samples were cooked in a 0.1% salt solution. The samples were analyzed at different cooking times (4, 8, 12, and 16 min). The results obtained in the present study revealed that the total color difference also increased with an increase in cooking time. In addition, similar trends were observed for cooking loss, moisture content, and weight gain. Furthermore, the couscous samples treated with ohmic heating and conventional heating methods were completely cooked after 12 minutes. Overall, compared to the conventional cooking method, the ohmic heating process did not induce any negative effects on the quality parameters of couscous.

Pollution in the seas basically accumulates in marine organisms. Heavy metal residues in aquatic ecosystems can pass through food and cause toxic effects and accumulations in human health. Glutathione reductase (GR), which is among the basic enzymes, has an important place in the suppression of stress in the cell. In this study, glutathione reductase enzyme from whiting fish gill tissue was partially purified for the first time in the literature and the effects of heavy metal compounds on enzyme activity were determined. The purification process was carried out in three stages as homogenate preparation, ammonium sulfate precipitation and also dialysis. In conclusion the study, optimum level pH 7.0, optimal substrate concentration 2 mM NADPH and optimum buffer 150 mM KH2PO4 were determined. After partial purification, the inhibition effects of Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ as heavy metal ions were investigated. The IC50 levels of heavy metals were calculated as 20.17 µM, 33.7 µM and 59.31 µM, respectively.

In Türkiye, agricultural activities are carried out on an area of 38482000 hectares. In Türkiye, where different climates are seen, animal husbandry is done intensively. Some of the animal and herbal products produced are consumed in the country and some are exported and consumed abroad. Many agricultural wastes are generated during animal and plant production activities. These wastes are fresh manures formed during animal production, wastes formed from grain and industrial plants during plant production, wastes formed during and after production in greenhouses, pruning wastes and wastes formed as a result of evisceration of hard-shelled fruits. In this study, agricultural wastes that can be obtained from these products were calculated based on the products with the highest production. According to the results of the study, in the light of 2022 data, the annual amount of manure that can be obtained from our livestock is 20.722 million tons on dry basis, 16.805 million tons of waste from grain and industrial plants, 393,048 thousand tons of waste generated during and after production in greenhouses, 3.045 million tons of pruning waste, wastes generated as a result of evisceration of hard-shelled fruits are 550.186 thousand tons and olive pulp (pomace) resulting from olive oil extraction is 1.630 million tons.

Considering that most antibiotics originate from actinomycete group bacteria, especially the Streptomyces genus, it is predicted that novel actinomycetes isolated from extreme environments such as caves may bring novel antibiotics to the medical world. The study aimed to screen the antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes isolated from the three karst caves in Türkiye and to identify selected isolates with antimicrobial activity by molecular methods. One hundred seventy-nine actinomycetes isolated from Akçakale, Kırklar (Altıntaş), and Köprübaşı Caves in Gümüşhane province in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye were included in the study. The antimicrobial activity of isolates was investigated using the modified cross-streak agar method against seven Gram-negative bacteria, three Gram-positive bacteria, and one yeast strain. Fifty-three isolates (29.6%) had antimicrobial activity against at least one of the tested microorganisms. The rate of isolates exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Chromobacterium violaceum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Candida albicans was 21.2%, 20.0%, 16.8%, 12.8%, 3.4%, 2.8%, 2.2%, 1.1%, 0.6%, 0.6%, and 0.6%, respectively. An actinomycete isolate, TRMS 124, showed antimicrobial activity against ten test microorganisms. The 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing was performed for the identification and phylogenetic analysis of 26 isolates randomly selected among actinomycetes that exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least three test microorganisms. As a result, it was determined that 24 isolates showed homology with various Streptomyces species and two isolates with Embleya scabrispora and Couchioplanes caeruleus, respectively. These results showed that karst caves could be good sources for isolating actinomycetes with the potential to produce antimicrobial compounds.

Detecting plant disease is a complicated yet important task to enable sustainable production in agriculture. Especially, early and on-field disease detection provides an opportunity to producers to take necessary precautions before it causes dramatic losses. Corn is one of the most important agricultural products for many countries around the world. It constitutes the main nutrient intake for large populations. This study examines and analyzes the applicability of the pretrained models in corn disease detection. A number of well-known pretrained models including Xception, ResNet50, VGG16, EfficientNetB0, MobileNet and InceptionV3 have been employed for this purpose. SMOTE is employed to solve the imbalanced data and resulting bias problem, which is a common problem in plant disease dataset. The study results indicate that SMOTE provides a good solution to the imbalanced data problem and MobileNet, VGG16 and Xception can be used as base models to develop AI applications to detect corn diseases.

This article provides an in-depth examination of the investment process within the agricultural sector, focusing on A Birlik, a significant agricultural enterprise in the Thrace region. The study explores how A Birlik makes investment decisions, the types of investments it undertakes, and the impact of these investments on its operations and sustainability. A critical component of this research is the role of agricultural investment accounting in enabling A Birlik to make informed financial decisions, accurately evaluate investment feasibility, and optimize resource allocation for long-term economic and environmental sustainability. The research also considers how geographical conditions, technological developments, market dynamics, and competition influence agribusiness investment decisions. The findings from this study aim to enrich the existing literature on agricultural investments and offer valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders in the agricultural sector. The article underscores the need for continuous adaptation and innovation in business practices within the agricultural sector.

This study was conducted to compare two different Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) breed lines in terms of egg quality, egg yolk lipid peroxidation, and fatty acid profiles. The research was carried out with Jumbo Brown (Jumbo Brown Coturnix japonica) and Golden Italian (Golden Italian Coturnix japonica) Japanese quail breed lines with dark brown and golden yellow plumage colors at an average body weight of 200±10 g and 10 weeks of age. The experimental groups consisted of Jumbo Brown Japanese quail breed and Golden Italian Japanese quail breed, each containing 80 Japanese quails fed a standard quail diet. Each group was divided into 20 subgroups, with 4 quails housed in each subgroup. The study lasted for 10 weeks (11–20 weeks) according to the randomized plot experimental design. The egg quality data were recorded over an overall period, divided into two periods of 5 weeks each: period 1 (11 to 15 weeks) and period 2 (16 to 20 weeks). Egg and eggshell weights of the Golden Italian breeds were higher in the overall period (P<0.05). The eggshell proportion increased only in the 2nd period in the Golden Italian breed (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between the breed lines in terms of egg-specific gravity, egg shape index, eggshell thickness, albumen index, yolk index, Haugh unit, and egg yolk color (L, a, b) values (P>0.05). However, the egg yolk of the Jumbo Brown breed had a higher crude protein content (P<0.05). No difference was observed in yolk malondialdehyde values between breeds in fresh and stored eggs (P>0.05). Moreover, the egg yolk ΣPUFA/ΣSFA ratio, ΣPUFA, and Σn-6 values were higher in the Jumbo Brown breed than in the Golden Italian breed (P<0.05). In conclusion, Jumbo Brown breed eggs may be an alternative to traditionally consumed chicken eggs because of their high yolk crude protein content and favorable fatty acid profile.

In recent years, with the effect of global warming, researches on the potential of plants that are more resistant to drought as forage crops and their ensiling properties have become increasingly widespread. Current study aimed to investigate the ability of ensiling, fermentation quality and nutritive value of a sunflower variety, which is more drought resistant than many forage crops, with silage corn, sweet corn and sweet sorghum at different mixing ratios. Plant species used as silage material in present study were grown simultaneously in separate plots. All plants were harvested by hand in the range of about 25-32% dry matter and these harvested crops were theoretically chopped with 2-3 cm electric shredding machine for silage. In addition to pure silages of all crop materials, mixed silages of 25%+75%, 50%+50% and 75%+25% were made in 3 replications. Besides some properties of silage beginning materials, some fermentation properties and feed quality parameters of resulted silages were investigated. As a result of this study, 50%+50% mixed silage of the sunflower variety used as silage material with maize, sweet corn and sweet sorghum increased the silage fermentation quality compared to the pure sunflower silages and improved the silage feed quality compared to the pure cereal (corn, sweet corn and sweet sorghum) silages.

This study investigated the nutrient content, the digestibility of organic matter (OMD), and the metabolic energy (ME) values of silages prepared from carrot pulp, a by-product of the food industry. Five different silages with five replicates were prepared by adding wheat straw (CP + WS), vetch/oat hay (CP + VOH), maize stalk straw (CP + CS), alfalfa hay (CP + AH), and barley straw (CP + BS) as 20% absorption material to 80% carrot pulp. The silages were opened after 60 days, and physical and chemical analyses were performed. The dry matter content was highest in the CP+BS silage. Crude protein content was highest in the CP+AH and CP+VOH groups. CP+AH silage had the highest ADF and NDF. The CP+AH and CP+VOH groups had high-quality relative feed values, while all groups had very good Flieg quality values. There were no differences between the groups for OMD and ME. To conclude, it was found that carrot pulp silage can be used as an alternative feed source in animal nutrition.

Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) is an exception as it is a promising legume species due to its adaptation to environmental stress and waterlogged soil. Soil health indicator link to environment services such as nutrient management, crop practices, and biodiversity. The main comparisons in this study were conducted between annual covers (Corn and sorghum), and two grass cultivars (Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus junceus) that are native to East Asia, while tillage system and fertilization legume Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum), were also applied in the analysis. The regression analysis revealed improved soil carbon was consistently associated with greater moisture, soil aggregate stability (WAS), and carbon mineralization under legume covers. While grasses and legume recorded sequestering more carbon, corn and corn-sorghum in rotation crops showed the worse impact on soil pH and bulk density (BD). Non-tillage practices significantly increased soil aggregate stability and soil moisture under grasses and legume. The combination of total carbon (TC) field measurements with cropping systems information has improved our understanding of how different cropping practices influence soil health improvement in full profile. The main factor for clustering treatments based on indicators was fertilization and tilling operation according to Euclidean distance that was applied to measure similarity of the groups. It can develop appropriate and cost-effective agricultural management activities, maintains or improves carbon soil accumulation to guide farmer decision making and ultimately advancing food and nutritional security.

Table grapes, rich in vitamins and minerals, play an important role in human nutrition, thus largely used in daily diets. Selenium (Se) with positive impacts on human health and anticancerogenic effects, has recently become prominent in human nutrition and animal feeding. In this study, selenium fortifications were made at different doses (control, 4 ppm and 8 ppm) to 9 different table grape cultivars (Alphonse Lavallée, Bilecik İrikarası, Cardinal, Sultani Seedless, Tekirdağ Seedless, Italia, Lival, Victoria, Royal) and total phenolics, anthocyanins and flavonoids of the cultivars were determined. While total phenolics of the whole berry was presented, skin and pulp total anthocyanins and total flavonoids were presented separately. The greatest total phenolic amount was obtained from 4 ppm selenium treatment in Bilecik İrikara (157.31 mg/g) cultivar. The greatest total anthocyanin contents were obtained from the skin of with 8 ppm selenium treatment in Alphonse Lavallée (11.22 mg/g). Selenium treatments increased total flavonoids of Bilecik İrikarası, Lival, Royal and Sultani Seedless cultivars. It was concluded based on findings that Se treatments influenced phytochemical characteristics of the table grapes.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of boron fertilization on agromorphological properties of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). The field experiment was arranged in randomized blocks with divided parcels. It was applied with 3 replications in 2017 and 2018 years in Ankara conditions. Three different berseem varieties (Derya, Erix, Mario) were sown to main parcels and 5 different boron fertilizer doses (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 g da-1) were applied to sub-parcels. According to the research results; plant height was varied between 67.20 and 98.33 cm. Stem diameter was 3.43-4.45 mm, stem numbers were 6.17-11.67 pieces and head numbers were 7.28-15.02 pieces. The highest plant height and stem diameter were exhibited by variety of Mario. Erix displayed the highest development in terms of stem numbers, Derya showed the highest development in terms of head numbers. When boron doses were compared with control parcel, the highest plant height, stem diameter, stem numbers and head numbers were obtained at 100 g da-1 boron dose.

The study investigated the effect of short-term storage time on the mechanical (rupture force, rupture energy, deformation) properties of the ‘Istanbul’ medlar cultivar grafted on Quince A (QA) and Quince Province BA29 (BA29) quince clone rootstock. The study gives the average values of the physical properties (weight, size, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, true density, bulk density, and porosity) of the ‘Istanbul’ medlar cultivar. The changes in breaking force, breaking energy, and deformation values of 'Istanbul' medlar varieties stored at room temperature (251 °C) and cold storage (41 °C) for 5 days were investigated. Separate measurements were made for skin and skinless fruits. The average rupture force value of fruits of the ‘Istanbul’ medlar cultivar stored at 25 °C was determined as 8.82 N, deformation 4.66 mm, and rupture energy 0.035 J. The average rupture force value of the fruits of the ‘Istanbul’ medlar cultivar stored at 4 °C was determined as 10.06 N, deformation 5.16 mm, and rupture energy 0.043 J. It was found that the storage conditions had a statistically significant effect on the rupture force, rupture energy, and deformation values of the QA and BA29 rootstocks of the ‘Istanbul’ medlar cultivar (P≤0.001).

Cosmopolitan weeds are even constant elements where rice cultivation started just a century ago. There are few but important weed species with high adaptation in rice, which requires monoculture production systems and aquatic environment. Rotation difficulty resulted in the proliferation of highly competitive weed species strongly adapted to the aquatic environment. Constant use of herbicides with the same mechanisms of action leads to an evaluation of herbicide-resistant weed population and an increased number of herbicide-resistant populations in Türkiye. Chemical weed control and alternative integrated weed management strategies in rice production systems have significantly evolved throughout the years as well as rice herbicide traits and weed spectrum. The study was carried out in rice fields with resistance problems in two different locations, in the Black Sea and the Marmara Regions. The clamozone 480 EC, oxadiazon 200 CS, glyphosate potassium 441 g/l, glyphosate IPA 360 g/lt +carfentrazone-ethyl 5 g/l, cyhalofop-butyl 200 EC, penoxsulam 25.2 OD +bentazon-sodium 480 SL active ingredients and combinations’ efficacy were investigated on ALS and ACCase inhibitor herbicides resistant Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa oryzoides and Echinochloa crus-galli populations. At the end of the study, it was determined that including pre-sowing herbicides such as clomazone and oxadiazon in the weed control program would help control the ALS and ACCase-resistant this species. Implementing integrated weed management strategies for managing existing herbicide-resistant weeds and reducing future development of herbicide resistance is one of our most influential and economical long-term strategies.

This study was carried out to determine the physical properties, biochemical and bioactive compounds of different apple cultivars grown in Yahyalı district of Kayseri province. The plant material of the research consisted of apple cvs. ‘Scarlet Spur’, ‘Starking Delicious’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Super Chief’. In the study fruit weight, length, width, firmness, soluble solid contents (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP assays) were investigated. In the findings, significant differences were determined between the fruit characteristics of the cultivars. The highest fruit weight (289.96 g) and length (32.61 mm) were measured from ‘Scarlet Spur’, while the highest fruit width (34.86 mm) was measured from ‘Scarlet Spur’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’. The SSC was determined between 11.65 (‘Super Chief’)-14.30% (‘Starkrimson Delicious’), and TA between 0.47% (‘Super Chief’)-1.13% (‘Golden Delicious’). The highest vitamin C content was measured in ‘Starking Delicious’ cultivar (66 mg100 g-1) compared to the others. In terms of total phenolic content, ‘Scarlet Spur’ (38.2 g GAE L-1) and ‘Super Chief’ (36.5 g GAE L-1) cultivars had the highest values, while ‘Super Chief’ had the highest values in terms of total flavonoids (23.5 g QE L-1), and antioxidant activity (FRAP, 490.7 mmol TE L-1; DPPH, 1145.9 mmol TE L-1). As a result, it was revealed the differences between the physical, biochemical, and bioactive contents of apple cultivars grown in Yahyalı district of Kayseri province.

Maize is an important plant grown to obtain grain and silage, and is used in human and animal nutrition. In conventional maize breeding studies, inbred line development studies are carried out for at least 7 years if a single generation is obtained in a year, while it is possible to develop 100% homozygous lines in a short period of 2 years with the in vivo maternal haploid technique. The in vivo maternal haploid technique is widely used in advanced maize breeding programs. The choice of donor or source material to be used for haploid induction depends on the purpose of the breeding program. Generally, breeders use F1 or F2 populations as source material for haploid induction. In this study; 30 F1 genotypes and their F2s were crossed with the inducer line. The putative haploid seed was identified by considering the R1-nj color marker, and the haploid induction rate was determined. The effect of the generations of the donor genotypes on the haploid induction rate was compared by performing an independent sample test, and the haploid induction rate obtained from the F1 donors was found to be higher than the haploid induction rate of the F2 donors. It was determined that there was a change in the haploid induction rate as the genotypes changed within the F1 and F2 donor groups.

In this study, taking into account the conditions of Türkiye, it will be possible to harvest hazelnuts grown on flat and nearly flat lands, in line with ergonomic principles, with an approach that consider operator comfort and work safety, with a mechanically effective sweeping unit with high work success, which removes the kernel+husk hazelnut from the ground, some performance values of the hazelnut harvesting machine such as collecting efficiency, labor requirement, fieldwork success, product work success, and foreign material separation efficiency, which cleans the mixed hazelnuts in the separation unit at a level that does not affect the performance of the husk peeling machine and stores the cleaned grain+husk hazelnut mixture, were determined and obtained. In light of the data obtained, it is contribution to the economy is discussed. The collecting efficiency of the mechanical hazelnut harvesting machine was 93.26%, the labor requirement was 47.85 h/ha, the fieldwork success was 0.134 ha/h, the product work success was 295.92 kg/h, and the foreign material separation efficiency was 96.85%. Considering the performance values obtained, very successful results have obtained from the field trials performed with the mechanical hazelnut harvesting machine. As a result, the production of the hazelnut harvesting machine and its implementation will make hazelnut production sustainable by significantly reducing production costs, and the import of machinery that is not suitable for the conditions of Türkiye will be no longer needed.

Brown Marmorated Stink bug (BMSB) (Halyomorpha halys, Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was first detected in Türkiye in 2017 and is an important invasive insect species worldwide. About 300 hosts have been identified for this pest until recently. Among the hosts of the pest in the Black Sea region, mainly hazelnuts, fruits and vegetables are included. This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of different traps in 2020 and 2021 in a mandarin garden in the Kemalpaşa district of Artvin, one of the places where the pest was first transmitted to Türkiye. Small Funnel Trap (SFT), McPhail Funnel Trap (MPT), Multi-Funnel Trap (MFT), and Big Funnel Trap (BFT) and two different pheromones SMC and TRC were tested against H. halys. Each trap was tested with two different pheromones, and the trapping performances of different trap types were followed from the beginning of July to the end of October. The adults were counted every week in the traps. In the traps, it was determined that the most insect-attractive pheromone and trap type combination was TRC+BFT and that the least effective insect trapping type was the SMC+MPT combination. In general, it was determined that TRC, which is the most effective pheromone, also works effectively with BFT and MPT. It was determined that SMC pheromone formed a more effective combination with SFT. In addition, it is predicted that larger-scale designs of MPT will be more effective together with TRC, and SFT with SMC. In this study, it was determined that the performances of different types of traps and pheromones that can be used in the control and monitoring of BMSB vary up to 29 times, and the importance of the combination of pheromone and trap was revealed.

Today, image processing techniques are frequently used in irrigation, fertilization and spraying applications in order to increase agricultural input efficiency and product quality. In this study, the relationship between the image and weight of soybeans was investigated. For this purpose, some image processing applications were carried out on the images of soybeans grown with the deficit irrigation (100%, 75, 50 and 25) method. In the study, the relationship between the weight of soybeans and the number of pixels occupied on the images was 88.78%. The weights belonging to the displayed soybean grains decreased from 100% watered to 50% watered, in the 25% irrigated area, it increased again. The 25% irrigated case created significant stress for soybeans. However, as in some plants, this situation caused an increase in grain weight in soybeans.

This investigation was carried out to determine the response of 12 Turkish cultivars to different salt stress levels during the germination and early seedling stages at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University in 2022. In present research, four different sodium chloride treatments (60, 120, 180 and 240 mM) and a control (0 mM) treatment were used. Germination ratio, germination index, mean germination time, root and shoot length, root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight and biomass weight parameters were investigated to determine the salt tolerance of triticale cultivars. Cultivars, salt doses and their interactions had significant effects on all examined characteristics. In general, germination parameters and early seedling stage characteristics of the cultivars were adversely affected by increasing salt doses. Yet, it was determined that the responses to increasing salt doses were different among the cultivars. Although Mehmetbey cultivar was undesirably affected by increased salt doses, it was found to be more resistant than the other cultivars. On the other hand, Umranhanim was determined as the most sensitive cultivar to salt stress. After investigating the resistance of Mehmetbey cultivar to salt stress under field conditions, this cultivar can be included into breeding programs or cultivated in fields with salinity problems.

This research was conducted in Samsun Bafra conditions in 2021, using a total of 19 different genotypes of popcorn, which differ from other corn subspecies in terms of grain size and usage area, and have gained popularity for snacking purposes. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study examined plant height, main stem diameter, leaf number, cob length, cob diameter, cob row number, number of kernels per cob, cob weight, kernel weight, and grain yield of the popcorn genotypes. It was determined that there is a statistically significant relationship between these examined parameters and genotypes. According to the results of the experiment, plant height in popcorn genotypes ranged from 128.33 to 207.00 cm, main stem thickness varied between 11.91 and 20.20 mm, leaf number per plant ranged from 8.33 to 12.33, cob length varied from 11.60 to 20.33 cm, cob diameter ranged from 27.63 to 36.49 mm, cob row number varied between 12.00 and 15.67, and the number of kernels per cob ranged from 405.67 to 772.67. The grain yield values ranged from 183.05 to 482.43 kg/da. The research determined that the average grain yields of populations and lines were higher than the overall average of popcorn cultivars. When considering grain yield and yield parameters, the TBCM-6 line stood out. According to the biplot analysis, it was observed that the P2 and P3 populations, along with the TBCM-3, TBCM-4, TBCM-6, TBCM-23, TBCM-44, and TBCM-62 lines, excelled in terms of yield and yield components.

Bibliometric analyzes are widely used in many fields. However, there are still insufficient bibliometric studies evaluating animal science studies from different perspectives. Therefore, we performed the comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 335 documents scanned in the Web of Science (WoS) database in next-generation sequence applications in livestock between 2009 and 2023. According to the analysis results, this field has been increasing interest recently. The fact that the studies (45.07% of total) were carried out by international large research groups with the participation of many researchers shows that the collaborative working culture in this field is developed. BMC Genomics, Animals and Frontiers in Genetics are among the most preferred journals in studies in this field, and 14, 10 and 10 articles have been published, respectively, to date. The number of citations per article indicates the high impact of the articles published in this field. It has been determined that the three most frequently used keywords in next-generation sequence studies in the field of livestock are "identification", "diversity" and "expression". Overall, studies about next-generation sequence applications in livestock seem to be very popular among the scientific community in recent years.

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), known as the "poor man's meat", is an internationally important legume crop that appeals to farmers as well as consumers. Many biotic stressors such as bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) cause significant yield and quality losses in common bean. The most efficient and cost-effective way to lessen of these factors is to develop resistant cultivars. Local genotypes have been cultivated in many areas for years and have varied distinguishing characteristics as a result of spontaneous mutations. Identifying bean germplasm harboring gene sources is critical for developing resistant cultivars against BCMV and BCMNV. For this purpose, a total of 43 promising common bean lines selected from local genotypes cultivated across various regions of Türkiye were subjected to screening using diverse molecular markers (ROC11, SBD-5 and SW-13) to investigate gene sources associated with BCMV and BCMNV. The findings revealed that 21 lines had both I and bc-12 gene locus. In addition, the bc-12+bc-3 gene loci were discovered to be present in the 8 common bean lines. The combination of I+bc-3 resistance genes, which guarantees immune reaction to BCMV and BCMNV, was found in only one line; YLV-32. These gene sources can be evaluated in marker-assisted breeding to develop modern cultivars resistant to BCMV and BCMNV by breeders.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of boron levels on germination and seedling growth of melon cultivars with different fruit characteristics under laboratory conditions. The seeds of three melon cultivars (Hasanbey 1, Kırkağaç 589, and Toros Sarıbal) were germinated at different boron levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg L-1) constituted by sodium borate (Na2B8O13.4H2O). Germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, seedling growth parameters, and seedling dry matter were investigated. The optimum and toxicity levels of boron were calculated by regression analysis. Germination percentage, mean germination time, and germination index were not affected by increasing boron levels. A boron dose of 20 mg L-1 promoted root length, shoot length, and seedling fresh weight of melon; however, seedling growth of melon cultivars was inhibited at higher boron levels than 40 mg L-1. Seedling dry weight and dry matter significantly enhanced when the boron levels were increased. Root length was more sensitive to boron than shoot length. Melon cultivars showed different responses to boron levels and the highest seedling growth parameters were obtained from Kırkağaç 589. The optimum boron level for shoot growth was calculated as 12.8 mg L-1, while the inhibitory level of boron for root growth was 65.4 mg L-1. The toxicity of boron on the germination performance was not detected and higher levels than 20 mg L-1 inhibited seedling growth of melon.

This study aimed to evaluate the milk components and somatic cell count (SCC) of Anatolian buffalo cows at different stages of lactation (days 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th of lactation) by determining the effects of the age of the cow, calving season and specific gravity of colostrum (SGC) on these milk quality traits. The experiment was conducted using 62 healthy lactating primiparous and multiparous Anatolian buffalo cows at two private farms in Samsun, Türkiye. The SGC values at the second hour (first milking) after birth were measured using a colostrometer, and the milk components were analyzed using a milk analyser. In addition, the SCC in milk was measured with a portable cell counter. The data are divided into three groups: age (≤80 mo and >80 mo), calving season (spring and summer) and SGC (<1.070 g/l and ≥1.070 g/l). The age and calving season of the cows affected some milk components in different lactation periods. The dry matter (DM), solids-non-fat (SNF) and protein percentage of the cows in the group with high SGC (≥1.070 g/l) were higher than those of cows in the group with low SGC (<1.070 g/l) on day 15 of lactation. Similarly, the DM and fat percentage of the milk of the cows in the group with high SGC (≥1.070 g/ml) were higher than those of the milk from the cows in the group with low SGC (<1.070 g/l) on day 45 of lactation. In contrast, on day 60 of lactation, the log SCC value of the milk of cows with high SGC was lower than that of the milk from those with low SGC in other lactation periods. Among the environmental factors in this study, only the SGC can be partially controlled by herd management practices. Management of the dry period, a sensitive period for buffalo cows, has an important effect on increasing colostrum and milk quality at the beginning of lactation.

The effect of solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger on the nutritional composition of apple pomace was investigated in this study. Apple pomace was milled to 2 mm and sterilized at 121 °C for 15 min before fermentation. Aspergillus niger strain (ATCC 200345) was cultured and inoculated to apple pomace 104 spores/ml. Raw and fermented apple pomace were analyzed for determination of the crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), and acid-detergent lignin (ADL) content. The CP (P<0.001) and ash (P<0.05) contents of apple pomace were increased after solid-state fermentation. However, A. niger decreased (P<0.001) the CF, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, NFE and EE (P<0.05) contents of apple pomace. The ADL content of apple pomace was not affected by solid-state fermentation. The results demonstrated that solid- state fermentation using A. niger can improve the nutritional composition of apple pomace.

Chocolate is a food that people of all ages love to consume. The sensory quality of chocolate is determined by its appearance, taste, aroma, and flavor. Chestnut honey, on the other hand, is a honey that is rich in amino acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, potassium, magnesium, and bioactive substances produced by the pollen of the chestnut tree and flower nectars, it has high antibacterial activity, and it contains important antioxidant compounds. In this study, it is aimed to develop a new product, which was filled with organic chestnut honey and chocolate, and bring it to the market. Chestnut honey was added to chocolate in varying proportions and subjected to quality grading by trained panelists. In the analysis attended by 10 panelists, the quality criteria of appearance, texture, smell, taste, and general acceptance were evaluated under sub-headings. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the trained panelists gave 4.5±0.67 points out of 5- point scale above the average in terms of general acceptance, and consequently the favorite product was dark chocolate with 7% chestnut honey. In addition, the consumer taste test was applied to a group of 82 people for the filled chocolate with the highest score in the quality rating test. In the test applied depending on the 5-point scale, it was found that the general appreciation was high with the values of 4.75±0.54. As a result of the findings, it was determined that the bitter feeling of chestnut honey in the mouth was perceived in the obtained chocolate, and this was liked by the consumer (X ̅ = 4.75). With this study, it can be said that chestnut honey and chocolate provide flavor harmony.

This research was carried out to determine the status of dairy cattle farms in Yozgat province, which has significant potential in animal husbandry, to evaluate the positive and negative aspects of the existing barns, and to put forward suggestions for solving the problems. The research was completed by conducting observation and physical measurement studies in 28 dairy cattle farms with more than 50 milking animals, which we classified as large-scale, with the data obtained through questionnaires. Most dairy farms were established in the last ten years and received investment and grant support from various public institutions. It has been observed that the criteria suitable for animal welfare, especially in ventilation and building materials, are not followed by avoiding investment costs in farms established with equity capital. In the dairy farms established by receiving grants and investment support, it was observed that the stables were built in conditions suitable for animal welfare. Still, the herd management system was not established, and the records were not kept healthy because the farm owners and employees of the farms were insufficient in dairy cattle breeding knowledge, which would increase the costs. Although the majority of the examined enterprises did not have structural and technical problems, the absence of a birth partition in 21.43%, an individual calf pen in 25%, a ventilation shaft in 3.57%, and a manure pit slope in 28.57% was seen as an obstacle for these dairy farms to be modern enterprises. It is recommended that the economic sustainability of dairy cattle farms, which is a long-term investment branch, does not only depend on having sufficient equipment in terms of structural features but also on farm owners and employees should have sufficient knowledge and infrastructure on dairy cattle breeding and training should be provided to the relevant people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical components and evaluate the antifungal activity of Origanum acutidens essential oil. The aerial parts of O. acutidens were collected, and the hydrodistillation method was used to extract the essential oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil. The main components identified were α-terpineol (4.76%), p-cymene (7.6%), linalool (14.82%), and carvacrol (49.4%). The essential oils were tested against two pathogens in vitro experiments to evaluate their antifungal activity. Different concentrations of the essential oil were applied, and the inhibition of mycelial growth was measured. The results demonstrated that the essential oil exhibited antifungal properties against both pathogens. At a dose of 4.8 µL/Petri dish, the mycelial growth of both pathogens was completely inhibited. However, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum showed higher tolerance to the essential oil compared to Phytophthora infestans. Furthermore, a dose-effect study was conducted as a part of this research. The LC50 values (lethal concentration at which 50% of the pathogens' growth is inhibited) for P. infestans and S. sclerotiorum were calculated as 0.982 µL/Petri and 1.61 µL/Petri, respectively. The study concluded that the essential oil of O. acutidens has the potential to be a natural antifungal agent, particularly against S. sclerotiorum and P. infestans. However, further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms of action and explore potential applications of this essential oil in managing plant diseases.

Tourism, as a booming industry, plays a significant role in shaping economies and cultural exchanges worldwide. However, the rapid growth of tourism has brought about both positive economic impacts and negative environmental consequences. This research delves into the environmental effects of tourism activities through the lens of sustainable tourism. Focusing on Niksar Çamiçi Plateau, a transition zone between Central Anatolia and the Black Sea Region, situated at an altitude of 1350 meters, the study aims to identify the specific environmental impacts resulting from tourism activities in this unique location. The research adopts participant observation and semi-structured interviews as data collection methods, enabling a comprehensive understanding of tourists’ and locals’ behaviors and practices concerning the environment. The findings highlight the pressing issues of unplanned development, urban sprawl, migration, and environmental pollution in regions experiencing concentrated tourism activities. In response to these challenges, the study proposes a set of sustainable tourism solutions to mitigate environmental degradation. Recommendations include promoting responsible tourism practices, reducing the carbon footprint, promoting environmentally friendly accommodation and transportation, and implementing effective waste management strategies. Additionally, raising awareness among tourists and local communities about the importance of preserving natural resources and cultural heritage emerges as a crucial approach. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable tourism by providing valuable insights into the complex relationship between tourism and the environment, particularly in Niksar Çamiçi Plateau. By advocating for sustainable practices, the research aims to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental conservation, ensuring a harmonious coexistence between tourism and the ecosystem.

This research article is based mainly on Ottoman archival data of 1845. They are manuscripts, written in Ottoman Turkish. Ottoman government needs cash in the years of 1820s due to wars with Russia and Iran. To achieve this, the state demands extra taxes from all peasants of Anatolia. In this study, the economic situation of 22 small Muslim villages of the district of Kıreli of Konya of Anatolia was examined in outline. Agriculture and livestock were the main means of livelihood for the Muslim peasants. However, with the increase of the population, the economic resources were not enough for the Muslim peasants and the nomads (Yörük) living in this region. Many men had to leave their villages and went to the large cities to earn struggle for life. Ottoman administration founds them there and also taxes the labor. This was a very heavy practice for them. In the region, most villages were abandoned. The peasants had to be content with only rural resources. The vacant agricultural lands were immediately planted by the surrounding peasants

Bulgarlar, VII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Karadeniz’in kuzey bozkırlarında Kubrat Han liderliğinde bağımsız bir devlet kurmayı başarmışlardı. Ancak kurucusunun ölümü üzerine zaafa uğrayan bu devlet kısa sürede siyasi varlığını yitirdi. Asparuh Han, kendisine bağlı boylarla birlikte Aşağı Tuna boylarına gelerek 681 yılında bir devlet kurmayı başardı. Asparuh’tan sonra gelen Tervel Han’ın başarılı idaresi döneminde devletin temelleri sağlamlaşırken hemen sonrasında yaşanan fetret dönemi merkezi otoriteyi ciddi oranda sarstı. VIII. yüzyılın sonlarında yeniden toparlanan devlet Kurum Han ile birlikte gücünün doruğuna ulaştı. IX. yüzyıl ortalarında Hıristiyan Slav bir devlet haline gelen Bulgar Devleti, Symeon döneminde siyasi gücünün ikinci zirve noktasına ulaştı. Ancak ondan sonra gelen idareciler aynı başarılı yönetimi sergileyemediler. Bulgarlar, Tuna boylarına ilk geldikleri zamandan itibaren yeni yurtlarının ekonomik potansiyelini oldukça yerinde bir biçimde değerlendirmişler ve bir takım ekonomik faaliyetlere girişmişlerdir. Bu alanda ziraat ve ticaret ilk sırada yer almıştır. Nitekim kuruluşun tamamlamasının ardından ikinci hükümdar Tervel Han döneminden itibaren aktif bir ticaret politikası uygulandığını görmekteyiz. Bu çalışmanın amacı belirtilen tarihler arasında hüküm sürmüş olan Tuna Bulgar Devleti’nin hükümdarları tarafından sürdürülen ticaret politikasının esaslarını tespit etmektir. Buna bağlı olarak, ayrı bir çalışmanın konusu olabilecek olan Bulgarlarda ticari faaliyetler konusuna girilmeyecek ve sadece devletin ekonominin bu alanına yönelik takip ettiği siyaset tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Klasik mısır ıslahında ıslah süresinin uzun olması, yüksek mali finans ve iş gücü gerektirmesi yeni hibrit çeşit geliştirmede özellikle küçük ve orta ölçekli ıslah kuruluşlarının mısır ıslahı yapmasını güçleştirmektedir. Bu bariyeri kırmak için son yıllarda uygulamaya konan in vivo haploidi tekniği yukarıda sayılan avantajlarının yanısıra seleksiyon etkinliğini artırmakta, tam homozigotluk sağlamakta, moleküler marker tekniklerinin uygulanması için uygun saflık sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada induser kullanarak in vivo maternal haploid bitki elde etme yönteminin mısır ıslahında kullanılma potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada kendilenmiş hat elde etmek için Karadeniz Bölgesi yerel mısır popülasyonları ve haploid bitki elde edilmesinde tozlayıcı olarak RWS ve RWK 76 induser (indirgeyici) genotipleri materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın kromozom katlama, tohum çoğaltımı ve bitki yetiştirme işlemleri Dicle Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü laboratuvar, sera ve deneme arazisinde 2016, 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. DH hatlar 3 adet ticari hibrit çeşidiyle melezlenmiş ve bu melezleme sonucunda 9 melezde tekerrürlü deneme kuracak kadar tohum elde edilmiştir. 2018 yılında DH hatlardan elde edilen test melezleri 3 tekerrürlü olarak tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre ekilerek yetiştirilmiş ve bazı tarımsal özellikler yönünden değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre başta tane verimi olmak üzere bitki boyu, ilk koçan yüksekliği, gövde çapı, yaprak eni ve SPAD, koçan ağırlığı, koçan boyu, koçan çapı, koçanda sıra sayısı, koçan sırasında tane sayısı ve uç boşluk uzunluğu, sömek çapı, koçanda tane ağırlığı özellikleri yönünden standart çeşitleri aşan DH melez kombinasyonları saptanmıştır. İn vivo haploid bitki elde etme yönteminde başarıyı en çok düşüren aşamanın DH bitkilerin kendilenmesi aşaması olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada mısır ıslahında bir bütün olarak başarıyla kullanılabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Yerel mısır çeşitlerimizin hem bu yöntemin uygulanmasına uygun olduğu hem de ıslahta doğrudan anaç olarak kullanmak için uygun genotipik potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. DZM 13 x Gariz, DZM-56 x Elioso, DZM-67 x Elioso-1 ve DZM-67 x Excel-1 DH melezleri tane verimi bakımından öne çıkan genotipler olmuşlardır. Ayrıca test melezlerinde incelenen özellikler arasında tane verimi ile bitki boyu, ilk koçan yüksekliği, koçanda tane sayısı ve koçan ağırlığı arasında pozitif ve önemli korelasyon ilişkileri saptanmıştır.

Governments have historically considered irrigated agriculture as a way to stabilize rural communities, increase rural incomes, and meet the growing population's requirements for food and fiber. In Somalia, irrigation development started during the Italian colonization era of 1920s for the purpose of banana cultivation. The majority of these infrastructural investments were made in Middle Shabelle. The central government's fall in 1991 left the Somali government become weak financially and unable to finance the maintenance and operation of the irrigation infrastructure. The main objective of this research is to identify the root causes of recurrent irrigation system destruction after their rehabilitation in the Jowhar district of the Middle Shabelle Region, Somalia. Two sub-objectives of the study were to assess how insufficient institutional capacity and financing affected the failure of irrigation canals in the Jowhar District. In the study, 28 participants participated. A mixed-methods strategy was used to conduct the research, which included surveys, field observations, and interviews. The questionnaire is divided into three sections, each of which has a question about management, design, and financing. The final section investigates how inadequate institutional capability contributes to canals failure. This study examined the relationship between finance availability and institutional capacity with regard to canal failures and concluded that finance availability is positively correlated to the failure of irrigation canal and also low institutional capacity have moderately positive correlation with failures of irrigation canal.

Global climate variation revealing its effects intensely after the Industrial Revolution, have increased extremely with the rise in the number and variation of flood and drought problems worldwide within the years from1990 to 2000. Our country is strongly suffering from this climate variation and its undesired consequences increasing every year. Extreme temperature values, serious flood, and drought problems occuring in some regions have begun to produce considerable damages on daily human life. As a result of the decrease in the discharge of streams, the lack of freshwater resources have become a serious problem which have been considered to be solved with the derivation of fresh water resources for natural life and for other human purposes. Drought conditions of the basin were analyzed using hydrological and meteorological data of Kızılırmak Basin. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) expressing meteorological drought with rainfall parameter and streamflow drought index (SDI) expressing hydrological drought with current parameter were calculated. Droughts were observed in the basin and it was understood that these two indices give harmonious results.

Time series forecasting is an important research topic among agriculture economics. Especially, multivariate, multi-step and multiple output prediction tasks pose a challenge in research as their nature requires the investigation of intra- and inter-series correlation. The common statistical methods like ARIMA and SARIMA fall short in this kind of tasks. Deep learning architectures like Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short-Term Memory networks are quite good at modelling the structures of complex data relations. In this study, a new dataset is composed through manual collection of data from the Ministry of Commerce of Turkish Republic. The dataset contains daily trade volumes and prices of potato, onion and garlic, which are most commonly consumed products in Turkish cuisine. The data pertains to the period between January 1, 2018 and November 26, 2022 (1791 days). A simple CNN and LSTM architectures as well Random Forest machine learning method are used to predict the next 10-day prices of the products. Accordingly, three models provided acceptable results in the prediction tasks, while CNN yielded by far the best result (MAE: 0.047, RMSE: 0.070).

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is one of the entomopathogenic fungi used against broad host insects and plant pathogens. Fungicides have side effects on entomopathogenic fungi. In vitro assay was performed to examine the compatibility of B. bassiana with eight commonly used fungicides (Azoxystrobin 75 g/l+Metalaxyl-m 37.5 g/l+ Fludioxonil 12.5 g/l FS, Boscalid 25%+ Pyraclostrobin 12% WG, Copper Hydroxide 361.1 g/l SC, Azoxystrobin 250 g/l SC, Triticonazole 80 g/l + Pyraclostrobin 40 g/l FS, Fludioxonil 12.5 g/l + Metalaxyl 10 g/l SC, Captan 50% WP, Tebuconazole 250 g/l EC) using contact application technique. Fungicides at various concentrations (Recommend Dose-RD, half of the Recommend Dose-0.5 x RD and twice the Recommend Dose-2 x RD) were mixed in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media post-autoclaving. Approximately 25 ml of the mixture was poured into a Petri dish (90 mm) and allowed to cool. Mycelium disc (5 mm in diameter) was taken from 14-days-old B. bassiana grown on PDA using a sterile cork borer and placed in the center of each Petri dish containing fungicide + PDA. PDA plates without fungicide were used as a control. Petri dishes were incubated in the dark at 25±1 °C for 14 days. In vitro experiments were carried out with three replicates depending on a completely randomized plots design. In the study, the compatible fungicide with B. bassiana ET 10 isolate was found to be Copper Hydroxide at 0.5 x RD concentration. Azoxystrobin and Copper Hydroxide were compatible with Bb 18 isolate. Only two (Azoxystrobin + Metalaxyl-m + Fludioxonil and Tebuconazole) of the eight fungicides completely inhibited the mycelial growth of ET 10 isolate and were found harmful. Azoxystrobin + Metalaxyl-m + Fludioxonil completely inhibited the growth of Bb 18 isolate and was not found compatible. This study clearly shows that fungicides have the potential to inhibit the mycelial growth of entomopathogenic fungi under in vitro conditions. However, these results need to be further verified in vitro under both greenhouse and open-field conditions.

This study, it was aimed to determine the amount of wheat fields planted in Türkiye and the structural breaks in wheat yield in the specified years. The data set obtained for this purpose was obtained from the wheat production and wheat cultivation area in the statistical tables between 1995 and 2020 published by the Turkish Grain Board (TMO). According to the estimation results; the data set obtained from the wheat planting area in the statistical tables between 1995 and 2020 was stabilized by taking the first differences and the red lines in the given table were left from the second half of 2005 to the beginning of 2014, there was a structural break between these years. It was determined by the analysis that there was a structural break between these years, since the data set was stabilized by taking the first differences and the red lines in the given chart were exceeded from the second half of 2005 to the beginning of 2015.

Alfalfa is the most planted perennial legume in the world due to its high nutritive value, protein content, productivity, and digestibility in addition to high vitamin and mineral content. It is also one of the hardest plants to ensile owing to its low reducible sugar and dry matter (DM) contents and high buffering capacity. In this study, the effects of inoculation with Lactobacillus bifermentans which is homofermentative and Lactobacillus brevis which is heterofermentative on the silage fermentation of different DM containing alfalfa forage. Alfalfa forages were unwilted, or wilted for 9 or 24 hours in order to achieve low (L), moderate (M) and high (H) DM contents. As a result of the research, it was determined that wilting improved the fermentation properties, decreased the pH value, and increased dry matter recovery. Microbial inoculation decreased the pH value, increased the dry matter recovery, and decreased the number of undesirable enterobacteria in silage. As a result of the research, it was determined that the wilting and inoculation should be applied for successful fermentation of alfalfa silage. It was also determined that inoculation with L. bifermentans gave the highest crude protein (CP) content while L. brevis gave the highest dry matter recovery (DMR).

Agricultural sustainability is becoming more and more important with the increasing world population. Therefore, the dissemination of sustainable agricultural practices; It is extremely important for future generations in terms of protecting the environment and natural resources, ensuring economic stability and increasing sustainable food production. This study investigates the sustainability in agriculture for Türkiye in terms of irrigation and economic factors in crop production change. Using the ARDL error correction model and Granger causality analysis methods for the period between 1995 and 2020, the short and long-term relationship between irrigation and economic factors and crop production value variables were analyzed. The research found that, the relationship between inflation variables irrigation, irrigation and the crop production value was found to be significant. In terms of agricultural sustainability, while the increase in the land opened to irrigation has led to an increase in crop production, the increase in the use of clean water from existing surface and groundwater resources has negatively affected the value of crop production. This has shown how important the water source and economic stability are in the sustainability of agriculture.

Propolis is a complex sticky substance produced by the honey bees (Apis mellifera) from the resinous materials they collect from various parts of plant and used by the bees to defend their hives from pathogenic microorganisms. This research aimed to compare the antioxidant properties of propolis extracts produced by using different solvents and extraction methods. The method used in the extraction stage is of great importance as the amount and quality of the bioactive components in the final product are directly affected by the extraction method applied. To obtain propolis extracts, both classical and ultrasonic extraction methods were used with distilled water and 20% propylene glycol-distilled water as solvents. Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to record the total phenolic content of propolis extracts. In this study, to measure the antioxidant activity of extracts, three methods were used that are FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS. Moreover, the aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for total flavonoid content analysis. According to analysis, brix values recorded between 14.90-27.50 for classic method and 14.40-16.50 for ultrasonic method. The total phenolic content calculated as 721.31-14419.46 mg GAE/L for classic method, and 1212.32-33621.70 mg GAE/L in ultrasonic method. Also, the total amount of flavonoid content was measured as 1137.52-24884.70 mg QE/L extract in ultrasonic method, and 2144.77-74021.42 mg QE/L extract in classic method. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the samples were calculated as 0.46-15.21 IC50 µl/ml in classic method, and 1.36-31.86 IC50 µl/ml in ultrasonic method, ABTS+ values changed from 0.09-2.71 IC50 µl/ml in classic method, and 0.21-4.64 IC50 µl/ml in ultrasonic method, and FRAP values measured between 29.22-639.43 µM TE/g in ultrasonic method, and 54.72-1783.02 µM TE/g in classic method. More studies and analysis are needed to investigate the effects of solvents and extraction methods on propolis extracts, as well as on the antioxidant properties of these extracts.

This research was carried out at Batman University West Raman experimental area with 3 replications in order to determine the yield and yield components of some soybean varieties as the main crop under Batman conditions in the 2018 production year. In the study, 7 different soybean varieties (Umut-2002, Nova, Bravo, Asya, Ataem, Atakişi, Blaze) were used as plant materials. In the study, plant height, number of branches, first pod height, number of pods per plant, yield per decare and oil content were investigated. As a result of the study, the plant height is 64.90-72.47 cm, the number of branches is 4.83-9.23 pieces/plant, the first pod height is 10.70-15.20 cm, the number of pods per plant is 31.27- 49.23 pieces, the seed yield was determined as 244.05-554.44 kg/da and the oil content was between 17.82-24.83%. In addition, it was determined that the results of the heat map clustering, PCA and DARwin plots and the grouping of the relationships between cultivars, traits and cultivar*traits were confirmed.

This research was carried out to determine the yield and yield characteristics of some sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce) populations obtained from different regions in Yozgat ecological conditions. The experiment was established in Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Application Area in the vegetation period of 2019, according to the random blocks trial pattern with 3 replications. In the study, the emergence of four different sweet fennel populations, biological yield (kg/da), plant height (cm), number of branches per plant (pieces/plant), number of umbellets per plant (pieces/plant), number of small umbellets per plant (pieces/plant), number of seed per plant (pieces) /plant), seed yield per plant (g/plant), seed yield (kg/da), 1000 seed weight (g), essential oil content (%), essential oil yield (L/da) were investigated. According to the results, the plant height of sweet fennel is 48.33-59.56 cm, the number of branches in the plant is 5.00-5.96, seed yield is 8.52-13.60 g per plant; one thousand seed weight is 3.82-7.435 g biological yield 708.70-1972.00 kg/da seed yield, 67.96-198.43 kg/da essential oil ratio 3- 4.20% essential oil yield 5.35-15.06 L/da was observed. Consequently, it has been concluded that the population of Tokat was found to have outstanding characteristics in terms of seed yield and essential oil yield.

A study was conducted in the Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal to analyze the post-harvest technology adoption among open field and plastic house tomato growers and assess the factors of tomato production determining the income of the farmers. Altogether fifty-six tomato growers were selected randomly following the Simple Random Sampling technique for the household survey. Primary data were collected using pre-tested interviews with tomato farmers. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Ms. Excel 2010. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the adoption level of post-harvest technologies and a multiple linear regression model was carried out to estimate the factors of tomato production affecting the household income. Analysis of the post-harvest practices of farmers suggested that 53.85% of plastic house growers and 33.33% of open field growers harvested tomatoes in the yellow stage; 44.64% of farmers practiced grading; 88.5% plastic house tomatoes and 80.0% open field tomatoes were packed in plastic crates; only 26.49% practiced processing; more than half of the farmers had access to collection centers; the majority had a medium level of knowledge regarding different post-harvest management technologies. Among various factors, Nova variety was estimated to increase household income by 71% followed by production per unit area (48%), cost of cultivation (37%), access to processing industries (10%), and direct selling to consumers (9%). In wholesome, though NARC has recommended many post-harvest technologies, the adoption level is unsatisfactory. The unavailability of a sufficient quantity of quality fertilizers, lack of rural infrastructure facilities including roads, and inadequate technological extension were the factors hindering the adoption of post-harvest technologies in the study area.

This research was carried out during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons at Edirne, Kırklareli, and Tekirdağ locations with the aim of determining some agricultural and quality traits of nine registered oat cultivars. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. According to the results of the examined traits, plant height ranged from 101.5 to 132.4 cm, vegetative period from 125.1 to 138.9 days, thousand kernel weight from 26.6 to 40.0 g, test weight from 46.2 to 53.2 kg hl-1, protein content from 12.5% to 15.1%, and grain yield from 4011 to 5321 kg ha-1. According to the biplot analysis, PC1 and PC2 (accounting for 69.3% and 18.3% of the total variation, respectively) constituted 87.6% of the total variation. The angle value between the vectors of grain yield and protein content, thousand kernel weight, and test weight was narrow, indicating a high positive relationship between these traits, whereas the angle between the vectors of grain yield and plant height and vegetative period was wide, indicating a negative relationship between these traits. According to the correlation analysis, grain yield had a positive and significant relationship with test weight (r=0.594**), protein content (r=0.431**), and thousand kernel weight (r=0.350**), and a negative and significant relationship with a vegetative period (r=-0.360**) and plant height (r=-0.047**). According to the biplot analysis, cultivars Kahraman, Kırklar, Kehlibar and Somun Yıldızı were found outstanding genotypes in terms of grain yield.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) varieties around the world have different quality characteristics that determine their use and nutritional value. In this study, the isoflavones (daidzein and genistein), isoflavone glycosides (daidzin and genistin), total flavonoid, total phenolic, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), crude protein, crude fiber, fat, and condensed tannins contents of Turkish origin soybean genotypes were determined. The isoflavone contents were determined in the LC-MS/MS, antioxidants and condensed tannins content in the spectrophotometer, and other quality traits were determined in the NIRS device. The daidzein and genistein contents ranged between 0.035-0.446 and 0.308-1.188 ppm, respectively. The genistin content (0.254-8.906 ppm) was more variable than daidzin (0.388-1.006 ppm). Soybean genotypes exhibited high antioxidant characteristics. The crude protein contents were ranged from 36.127-40.603%. As a result, all genotypes examined were found to be rich in bioactive metabolites, therefore, high-quality raw materials for food production and human consumption.

Leaf area is considered an important parameter in fields such as plant phenotyping and plant breeding. In this study, leaf areas of different rice varieties were measured using a leaf area meter. Subsequently, a mathematical model was developed using leaf dimensions to estimate leaf area. Multiple regression analysis was used in the study to examine how leaf area is related to leaf dimensions. The results showed significant differences in leaf areas among different paddy varieties (Efe, Osmancık-97, Hamzadere, and Paşalı). Additionally, leaf dimensions were found to be a strong predictor for estimating leaf area. The equation of leaf area (LA= a + (b x L) + (c x W) + (d x L²) + [e x (L x W)] for paddy varieties tested. The R² values for paddy varieties between 84% - 99%. The mathematical model is an important tool that can be used in plant phenotyping and plant breeding, and can be further utilized in future research in these fields.